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The tradition of Gog and Magog begins in the Hebrew Bible with the reference to Magog, son of Japheth, in the Book of Genesis and continues in cryptic prophecies in the Book of Ezekiel, which are echoed in the Book of Revelation and in the Qur'an. The tradition is very ambiguous with even the very nature of the entities differing between sources. They are variously presented as men, supernatural beings (giants or demons), national groups, or lands. Gog and Magog occur widely in mythology and folklore.

The Biblical Gog and Magog

Magog in Genesis

The first occurrence of "Magog" in the Bible is in the "Table of Nations" in Genesis 10, where Magog is the eponymous ancestor of a people or nation (without any accompanying apocalyptic symbolism, or mention of Gog, although "Magog" may mean "the land of Gog"):

2. The sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras

3. The sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.

(Genesis 10:2-3)

In this occurrence Magog is clearly the name of a person, although in the anthropology proposed by Genesis, ethnic groups and nations are founded by, and usually named after, their founding ancestors. The names of Gomer, Tubal, Meshech, and Togarmah also occur in Ezekiel.

Gog and Magog in Ezekiel

The earliest known reference to "Gog" and "Magog" together is also in the Bible:

2."Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him,

3. And you shall say; So said the Lord God: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince, the head of Meshech and Tubal.

(Ezekiel 38:2-3 Judaica Press)

Chapter 38 continues addressing Gog:

10. Thus says the Lord "On that day it shall come to pass that thoughts will arise in your mind and you will make an evil plan:

11. "You will say, "I will go against a land of unwalled villages(FRZ)(FRZ:mostly refers to Iraq as Frz (Unwalled Villages) in the book of Ester); ...""

12. "To take plunder and booty..."

(Ezekiel 38:10-12)

Here it is not clear (in the Hebrew) whether Gog or Magog are people or places, and different identifications have been made. These are discussed after the text itself. The Interlinear Bible (Hebrew - Greek - English) states 2. as: "Son of man, set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal; and prophesy concerning him." (Jay P. green, Sr., 1986)

It says that Gog and Magog will be criticized by others:

Sheba and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions thereof, will say to you, have you come to take a spoil? (Ezekiel 38:13)

They will be joined by Persians from the East, Phut from the West, Kushites from the South, and others. We are told that Gog dwelt north of Israel, but there is little else to identify Gog in the passage. Gog and his allies are to attack "a land of unwalled villages" to collect booty, but before attacking Israel itself will be reduced to a "sixth" of their size (Ezekiel 39:2). Their reduced army will be destroyed in Israel, their dead buried in the Valley of Hamon-Gog for all to see and comment on (39:15-17).

Ezekiel (38 and 39) says that Gog will be defeated. Addressing Gog and Magog, God describes how the attacks will be repelled (Ezekiel 39:1-16). The army of Gog and Magog primarily includes people from the nations of Gog, Gomer, Tubal, Meshech, and the house of Togarmah from the North, the latter of which are mentioned as descendants of Japheth in Genesis (q.v.).

God describes the aftermath of the battle later in the same chapter, addressing "thou, son of Man":

17. ...,thus says the Lord, "Speak to every bird and every beast of the field, "Assemble yourselves and come,...""

18. " You shall eat the flesh of the mighty, drink the blood of the princes of the earth, of rams and lambs, of goats and bulls, all them fatlings of Bashan"

(Ezekiel 39:17-18 KJV)

Gog and Magog in the Book of Revelation

Gog and Magog are mentioned in Revelations, which draws on the depiction of them in the older prophetic works. They appear in verses 20:7-8:

7. And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, And shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea.

8. And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them. (KJV)

Here, Gog and Magog are identified as the nations in the four corners of the earth, and their attack is represented as an eschatological crisis after the Millennium, to be vanquished by divine intervention. The language of Gog and Magog's destruction is very similar to that of their mention in Ezekiel.

Identifications

Ezekiel's identification of Gog and Magog is confusing. Verse 38:2 could identify Gog or Magog as a person, the other as a land. The Greek version of that verse identifies Gog as a land, Magog as a person. In both versions, however, verse 38:3 unambiguously identifies Gog as a person, the prince of Meshech and Tubal. The King James translation is given above; it follows the interpretation of verse 38:3.

In terms of extra-biblical Jewish tradition, Gog the "prince" has been explained being one of the 70 national angels – of whom all except one, Michael, the guardian angel of Israel , are fallen angels. According to this interpretation, Gog is the angel of a nation called Magog (literally meaning "of Gog" or "from Gog"). Gog in this view represents an apocalyptic coalition of nations arrayed against Israel. Some Biblical scholars believe that Gyges (Greek Γυγες), king of Lydia (687 BC-652 BC), is meant; in Assyrian letters, Gyges appears as Gu-gu; in which case Magog might be his territory in Anatolia. Josephus identifies Magog with the Scythians, but this name seems to have been used generically in antiquity for a number of peoples north of the Black Sea.

According to one modern theory of dispensationalist Biblical hermeneutics, Gog and Magog are supposed to represent Russia. The Scofield Reference Bible's notes to Ezekiel claim that "Meshech" is a Hebrew form of Moscow, and that "Tubal" represents the Siberian capital Tobolsk. During the Cold War this identification led Hal Lindsey to claim that the Soviet Union would play a major role in the End Times. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the retreat of Russia from the role of a military superpower, some commentators have attempted to cast some other country in the role of Gog.

In Ezekial's prophecy, Gog and Magog will come from "the country/ies at the four corners of the earth at the end of time". But at the time of Ezekiel they (the people of Gog and Magog) were situated in Central Eurasia or Historical Scythia (the land mass between Moshek (Moskva River, Moscow ) and Tobal Tobol River of the (Ob river) in Siberia.

These older accounts influenced the authors of the Alexander Romance, a late and romanticized account of Alexander the Great's conquests. According to the Alexander Romance, Alexander came to a northern land devastated by incursions from barbarian peoples, including Gog and Magog. Alexander defends the land by constructing the Gates of Alexander, an immense wall between two mountains that will stop the invaders until the end times. In the Romance, these gates are built between two mountains in the Caucasus called the "Breasts of the World"; this has been taken as a reference to the historical "Caspian Gates" in Derbent, Russia. Another frequently suggested candidate is the wall at the Darial Gorge in Georgia, also in the Caucasus.

Jordanes

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In his 551 history Getica, also known as The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, the writer Jordanes identified Gog with the Goths. According to Jordanes, himself a Goth clergyman, the Goth saga starts around 1500 BC where deportees from a small island near Scandza (Gotland) sailed in three ships under Legendary Berig (Berik) to Gothiscandza (at the mouth of Vistula River) (current day Gdansk derives its name from Gothiscandza). After five generations they sailed under Filimer, east this time (as depicted in their ships drawings in Gobustan of north Azerbaijan) and then up the Volga river all the way to its mouth at the Caspian Sea. They settled in Scythia (a name derived from their proper name Saka; it means the End land of Saka). They settled first north of the Caucasian mountains and then after a battle between their legendary queen Tomyris against Cyrus the Great, they moved to Tomi on the western shore of the Black Sea. Then they moved to Eukraine and Crimea after the king Darius the Great crossed the Bosphor to punish them for killing Cyrus. A thousand years after Darius and two millenia after Berig they finally invaded Europe during the final days of the Roman Empire (4-5th century) and populated Europe as far as Spain (The Visigoths: Western Goths).

Saint Isidore of Seville, the highest authority on Goth history, said that the Goths ( including his fellow countrymen the Visigoths of Spain) descended from Gog and Magog. In AD 387 Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, identified the Goths with Ezekiel's Gog. It is to be noted here that the term Caucasian race made by European anthropologists and historians in the 18th and 19th centuries to refer proudly to Europeans, was based on that Europeans were descendants of the Goths who came from that area (the Caucas area just north of Caucasian Montains chain (The Caucasus). L. Bremen in his book "Pentacost, the things to come" states that the Caucas mountain chain name came from the Arabs who named the chain Gog-i-Hisn ie. the Forte of Gog. Many of the mountains peaks in the Caucasian mountains and land areas there retain the term gog, in European and Armenian Medieval maps. The 11th century historian Adam of Bremen considered Ezekiel's prophecy to have been fulfilled on the Swedes. In the 7th century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius it is the messianic Last Roman Emperor who fights and destroys Gog and Magog, with divine aid.

Some legends of Hungarians and certain Celtic peoples say they are descendants of Magog. Poseidonius, for example, mentions that the Cimmerians, considered to be the original ancestors in Celtic traditions, were derived from gug and guas. In Irish tradition, Magog was supposed to have had a grandchild called Heber, who spread throughout the Mediterranean. The Greeks called such people Iberes mentioning that they were refugees from Atlantis who had come to settle the Caucasus. The result is that Gog — the land of the four corners of the world — has also been identified as lands somewhere in the oceans surrounding the Old World, i.e., the New World (See also the "Gog and Magog in England" section of this article). There may be some connection between the name Gog and the Caucus Mountains.

The Kalki Purana, one of the minor puranas in Hinduism, mentions a similar Koka and Vikoka who will fight against Kalki. They serve as generals under the apocalypse demon Kali, not to be confused with the goddess of the same name. Modern scholarship dates this purana prior to the 16th century AD, recent enough to have been influenced by Christian and Muslim accounts.

Gog and Magog in Islam

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Gog and Magog appear in the Qur'an as Yagog and Magog (Ya-juj/Ya-jewj and Ma-juj/Ma-jewj or يأجوج و مأجوج, in Arabic). Some Muslim scholars contend that the Gog in Ezekiel verse 38:2 should be read Yagog (there is a "Y immediately before Gog in the Hebrew version). Qur'an sura Al-Kahf (18:83-98) states that Dhul-Qarnayn (the one with two horns) travelled the world in three directions, until he found a tribe threatened by Gog and Magog, who were "evil and destructive nature" and "caused great corruption on earth". The people offered tribute in exchange for protection. Dhul-Qarnayn agreed to help them, but refused the tribute; he constructed a great wall that the hostile nations were unable to penetrate. They will be trapped there until doomsday, and their escape will be a sign of the end:

But when Gog and Magog are let loose and they rush headlong down every height (or advantage). Then will the True Promise shall draw near - (Qur'an 21:96-97)

Most historians consider "Dhul-Qarnayn" a reference to Alexander the Great as he appears in the Alexander Romance, as the story appears attributed to Alexander long before the time of Muhammad and the recording of the Qur'an (see Alexander in the Qur'an). However, some Muslim scholars reject this attribution, associating Dhul-Qarnayn with some earlier ruler, usually Cyrus the Great, but also Darius the Great. Gog and Magog are also mentioned in some of the hadith, or sayings of Muhammad, specifically the Sahih Al Bukhari and Sahih Al Muslim, revered by Sunni Muslims.

Candidates for Gog and Magog in Islam

Gog and Magog as Ashkenazi Jews

Muslim scholars associate the Qur'anic prophecy of Gog and Magog with the the Ashkenazi Jews. These scholars assign to the Ashkenazi Jews a descent not from the Semites of the Middle East, but from the Khazars, a Central Asian Turkic people who had a long association with Judaism. Scholars like Ibn Kathir identify Gog and Magog with the Khazars who lived between the Black Sea and the Caspian. Proponents of this theory argue that Qur'an verse 21:96 refers to the migration of Ashkenazi Jews from Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This same argument states that the Jewish groups Sephardi and Mizrahi, are actually descended from the Israelites.

The Jews had previously been associated with Gog and Magog in medieval European folklore, sometimes peripherally. For instance, the 14th century Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a book of fanciful travels, claims the nation trapped behind the Gates of Alexander were the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. Additionally, a German tradition claimed a group called the Red Jews would invade Europe at the end of the world. The "Red Jews" became associated with different peoples, but especially the Jews and the Ottoman Turks. Earlier, in his 9th century work Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam, Christian of Stavelot refers to the Khazars as Hunnic descendants of Gog and Magog, and says they are "circumcized and observing all Judaism".

Gog and Magog as Mongolians

Some Muslim scholars including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi and Tibri believe the Qur'anic Gog and Magog are intended to be the Mongols. The Mongols were a serious threat to Muslim power during the Middle Ages, attacking Muslim civilizations such as the Seljuq dynasty in Persia, and eventually destroying the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad and the Khwarezmian Empire of Central Asia.

Ahmadiyya view of Gog and Magog as Europeans

The Ahmadiyya movement Islam presents the view that Gog and Magog represent one or more of the European nations claiming descent from the Goths. They associate European imperialism after the Age of Discovery with the reference to Gog and Magog's rule at the "four corners of the world" in the Christian Book of Revelations. Ahmadiyya founder Mirza Ghulam Ahmad linked Gog and Magog to the European nations, and his son and second successor, Mirza Basheerud Deen Mahmood further expounds the connection between Europe and the accounts of Gog and Magog in the Bible, the Qur'an, and the hadith in his work Tafseer e Kabeer and in his commentary onSurah Al-Kahaf (Urdu). According to this interpretation, Gog and Magog were descendents of Noah who populated eastern and western Europe long ago; the Ahmadi cite the folkloric British interpretation of Gog and Magog as giants (see below) as support for their view.

Gog and Magog in Marco Polo

In The Travels dictated by Marco Polo, Gog and Magog are regions of Tenduk, a province belonging to Prester John, and governed by one George, fourth in descent from the original John. According to this account Gog (locally Ung) is inhabited by a tribe called the Gog, whilst Magog (or Mongul) is inhabited by Tatars. This may imply that the author had heard of the Tartars of Mongolia and was multiplying their attributes and territories, as well as mixing in the Prester John legend.

Gog and Magog in Britain

Giants

Given this somewhat frightening Biblical imagery, it is somewhat odd that images of Gog and Magog depicted as giants are carried in a traditional procession in the Lord Mayor's Show by the Lord Mayor of the City of London. According to the tradition, the giants Gog and Magog are guardians of the City of London, and images of them have been carried in the Lord Mayor's Show since the days of King Henry V. The Lord Mayor's procession takes place each year on the second Saturday of November.

The Lord Mayor's account of Gog and Magog says that the Roman Emperor Diocletian had thirty-three wicked daughters. He found thirty three husbands for them to curb their wicked ways; they chafed at this, and under the leadership of the eldest sister, Alba, they murdered them. For this crime, they were set adrift at sea; they were washed ashore on a windswept island, which after Alba was called Albion. Here they coupled with demons, and gave birth to a race of giants, among whose descendants were Gog and Magog.

An even older British connection to Gog and Magog appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's influential 12th century Historia Regum Britanniae, which states that Gogmagog was a giant slain by the eponymous Cornish hero Corin or Corineus. The tale figures in the body of unlikely lore that has Britain settled by the Trojan soldier Brutus and other fleeing heroes from the Trojan War. Corineus is supposed to have slain the giant by throwing him into the sea near Plymouth. Wace (Roman de Brut Layamon (Layamon's Brut), and other chroniclers retell the story, which was picked up by later poets and romanciers. John Milton's History of Britain gives this version:

The Island, not yet Britain, but Albion, was in a manner desert and inhospitable, kept only by a remnant of Giants, whose excessive Force and Tyrannie had consumed the rest. Them Brutus destroies, and to his people divides the land, which, with some reference to his own name, he thenceforth calls Britain. To Corineus, Cornwall, as now we call it, fell by lot; the rather by him lik't, for that the hugest Giants in Rocks and Caves were said to lurk still there; which kind of Monsters to deal with was his old exercise.

And heer, with leave bespok'n to recite a grand fable, though dignify'd by our best Poets: While Brutus, on a certain Festival day, solemnly kept on that shore where he first landed (Totnes), was with the People in great jollity and mirth, a crew of these savages, breaking in upon them, began on the sudden another sort of Game than at such a meeting was expected. But at length by many hands overcome, Goemagog, the hugest, in hight twelve cubits, is reserved alive; that with him Corineus, who desired nothing more, might try his strength, whom in a Wrestle the Giant catching aloft, with a terrible hugg broke three of his Ribs: Nevertheless Corineus, enraged, heaving him up by main force, and on his shoulders bearing him to the next high rock, threw him hedlong all shatter'd into the sea, and left his name on the cliff, called ever since Langoemagog, which is to say, the Giant's Leap.

Michael Drayton's Polyolbion preserves the tale as well:

Amongst the ragged Cleeves those monstrous giants sought:

Who (of their dreadful kind) t'appal the Trojans brought

Great Gogmagog, an oake that by the roots could teare;

So mighty were (that time) the men who lived there:

But, for the use of armes he did not understand

(Except some rock or tree, that coming next to land,

He raised out of the earth to execute his rage),

He challenge makes for strength, and offereth there his gage,

Which Corin taketh up, to answer by and by,

Upon this sonne of earth his utmost power to try.

Gog Magog Hills

The Gog Magog Hills are about three miles south of Cambridge, said to be the metamorphosis of the giant after being rejected by the nymph Granta (i.e. the River Cam). The dowser T.C. Lethbridge claimed to have discovered a group of three hidden chalk carvings in the Gogmagog Hills. This alleged discovery is described at length in his book Gogmagog: The Buried Gods , in which Lethbridge uses his discoveries to extrapolate a primal deity named 'Gog' and his consort, 'Ma-Gog', which he believed represented the Sun and Moon. Although his discovery of the chalk figures in the Gogmagog Hills has been dogged by controversy, there are similarities between the name and nature of the purported 'Gog' and the Irish deity Ogma, or the Gaulish Ogmios.

Gog and Magog in Ireland

Works of Irish mythology, including the Lebor Gabála Érenn (the Book of Invasions), expand on the Genesis account of Magog as the son of Japheth and make him the ancestor to the Irish. His three sons were Baath, Jobhath, and Fathochta. Magog is regarded as the father of the Irish race, and the progenitor of the Scythians, as well as of numerous other races across Europe and Central Asia.

Partholon, leader of the first group to colonize Ireland after the Deluge, was a descendant of Magog. The Milesians, or people of the 5th invasion of Ireland, were also descendants of Magog.

Other usages

• Magog is a Canadian town and a township, and the Magog River is a river, in the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality area of the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada. Here "Magog" stems from for "Mephremagog," the native Western Abenaki word for "Beautiful Waters." Magog is also the name of a lake in Utah, USA, a mountain in Washington State, USA, and river in Australia, and a hill in England.
• Gog and Magog appear as a pair of statues in the Royal Arcade which runs from Little Collins Street to Bourke Street, between Swanston Street and Elizabeth Street in Melbourne, Australia. The two seven-foot figures are carved from pine and stand alongside a clock and bells. They represent the mythological figures who were conscripted by the Trojans to fight against the ancient Britons (according to the information under the clock). They are well over 100 years old and strike the time on the hour and each quarter-hour.
• Also, Gog and Magog are the names of two large rocks in the hills of Manitou Springs, Colorado traditionally on the trail to the summit of Cameron Cone.

Books

• Magog is a book by Andrew Sinclair, published by Harper & Row in 1972. In the Time magazine review of the book, Gog & Magog are described as "an odd couple whose meaning is obscured by the mists of prehistory", as well as "London's janitors" and "the survivors of a race of defeated giants".
• Gog and Magog are the two porcelain dogs at Patty's Place in Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of the Island.
• In Angie Sage's novel, Magyk, magogs are wormlike, one-eyed creatures that live underground. They give off a horrible smelling slime that burns.
• The stanza "Armageddon did the job / Gog & Magog Gog & Magog" is featured repeatedly in the second part of the poem "Hum Bom" by Allen Ginsberg.
• In Ken MacLeod's Cosmonaut Keep (2000; US paperback ISBN 0-7653-4073-9), Gog and Magog are a pair of gas giants which orbit each other.
• In the Troy Game series by Sara Douglas Gog and Magog are the magical defenders of London from the farie realm
• In his 2005 best seller, The Ezekiel Option, Joel C. Rosenberg uses the biblical prophecy of the War of Gog and Magog as the basis for a fiction battle involving a military alliance between Russia and Iran.

Films, TV and popular culture

• In the Heroes of Might and Magic computer game series, Gogs and bigger Magogs are fireball casting demons.
• In the computer game Strange Adventures in Infinite Space, Gog and Magog are the names of, respectively, a giant blue star and a red giant star.
• Magog appear as fatally parasitic aliens in the television show, Andromeda. Magog eat other sentients and often each other. They reproduce by infecting hosts with their larvae that then mature and hatch, killing the host.
• Magog is the name of a violent anti-hero appearing in DC Comics' Kingdom Come. A villain named Gog appears in its sequel series, The Kingdom.
• Gog is the name of a 1954 Color 3D science fiction film directed by Herbert L. Strock. Its poster tag line was: "Built to serve man… It could think a thousand times faster! Move a thousand times faster! Kill a thousand times faster… Then suddenly it became a Frankenstein of steel!" Two non-humanoid laboratory robots in the film are named Gog and Magog, apparently from sources and traditions cited above.
• "Gog / Magog (In Bromine Chambers)" is a two-part 17 minute long track on Peter Hammill's 1974 album In Camera, narrated by the mythological Gog himself. The second half of the piece is a long musique concrète sequence.
• Gog and Magog were the names of the super-computer and robot, respectively, built by Doc Terror in the final 5-parter of the Centurions animated series, "Man or Machine."
• Gog and Magog are characters featured in Jason Lindner's one-man play The Gog/Magog Project.
• In the Doctor Who serial "The Stones of Blood," The Doctor encounters the Ogri, Silicon based stone creatures from the planet Ogros, and implys that their names are Gog, Magog and Ogris.
• In the Genesis piece "Supper's Ready" at the start of the "Apocalypse in 9/8" section, Peter Gabriel sings "With the Guards of Magog swarming around / The pied piper takes his children underground…"
• In Marvel Comics, Gog and Magog are a pair of demons created by the Egyptian god Seth to punish the people of Israel; their origins are connected to those of the Arabian Knight.
• Also in Marvel Comics, Gog and Magog appear in issue #47 of X-Men as fearsome guards sent by Mojo to capture the escaped X-Babies; they are quickly reduced to whimpering henchman when then acting Queen of Mojo, Dazzler, appears.
• In the pilot episode of Korgoth of Barbaria the titular character Korgoth is taken to "the baron of thieves", named Gog-Ma-Gogg, who propositions Korgoth to steal a dancing, singing gold statue: the "Golden Goblin of the Fourth Age".

See also

• History of London
• Gog
• Magog
• Koka and Vikoka
• Gog Magog Downs
• Gates of Alexander
• Guildhall, London

References

• BHS refers to the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
• KJV refers to the King James Bible (the "V" stands for version)

1. The Catholic Encyclopedia.
2. Adam of Bremen (2002). History of the Archbishops of Hamburg Bremen. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231125755 pp. 30-1
4. Quran 18:94
5. Daryal Pass, where the dam most likey was built, is named after Darius the Great son of Hystaspes/Goshtâsb also named in old persian Saga: Esfandiar/Eskandiar (ie King/shah-- Darya=Xsven-Dariya as written on Behistun Inscriptions) son of Key Gushtasp/Goštâsp. It was this Esfandiyar who built the wall according to "Herodotes of the Arabs" Masudi in his book "Le Praires d'or" I-III, Paris 1962-71 page 479). Darius was the only King ever who attacked the Goths in their homeland according to Jordanes and Herodotus memoralized in the Behistun Inscriptions as the campain against Overseas Saka (the perthian name of the Goths-Gog), while King Cyrus was killed by in his war against the Goths (Saka) by their Queen Tomyris in Azerbaijan.
6. ^ Thomson, Ahmad. "The New World Order", Al-Aqsa Press, 1994 - , Excerpts
7. ^ Islamic Republic Daily, 8/5/2005, Tehran, Iran - روزنامه جمهوري اسلامي ۱۸/۲/۱۳۸۴ - مسيحيت صهيونيست و بنيادگراي آمريكا قسمت بيست و پنجم - In Persian
8. Mohammed Ali, Waleed. "الخزر وصراع الحضارات", Publisher: دار التضامن للطباعة والنشر Excerpt: - In Arabic
9. Jannati, Ali.مسيحيت صهيونيست و بنيادگراي آمريكا Publisher:نشر ادیان - In Persian
10. Helal, Reda. "المسيح اليهودي ونهاية العالم المسيحية السياسية والأصولية" Publisher: دار الشروق - In Arabic
11. Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wa'l-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End)
12. Thomson, Ahmad. "Dajjal: The Anti Christ", Taha Publishers Ltd, ISBN 1 897940 38 6
13. Gow, Andrew C. The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age, 1200-1600. Brill, 1994.
14. Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
16. ; English

External links

• Yajuj wa Ma'juj (Gog and Magog) according to Islam
• The Khazars Kingdom, Gog and Magog, Jewish Khazars
• Gog and Magog in the City of London's Lord Mayor's Show
• Gog and Magog (or Yajooj-Majooj)
• The History of Gog and Magog, the Champions of London, etext of 1819 original, anonymous, attributed to "Robin Goodfellow"
• The Magog Invasion, by Chuck Missler
• Christian website purporting to explain Gog and Magog
• Millennialist Judaic perspective on the war of Gog u'Magog

• Christian eschatology
• English folklore
• Islamic eschatology
• Medieval legends
• Tanakh monarchs
• Tanakh nations