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Other British colonies

Besides the grouping that became known as the "thirteen colonies", Britain in the late-18th century had another dozen colonial possessions in the New World. The British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the British crown throughout the war (although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over, and in 1821 sold it to the United States). Several of the other colonies evinced a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause, but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation. The British crown had only recently acquired several of those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec and Florida.

• Sparsely-settled Rupert's Land, which King Charles II of England had chartered as "one of our Plantations or Colonies in America" in 1670, operated remotely from the rebellious colonies and had relatively little in common with them.
• Newfoundland, exempt from the Navigation Acts, shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies. Tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy, it had no assembly that could voice grievances.
• Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element which had recently arrived from New England, and which shared the sentiments of the Americans in the 13 colonies about demanding the rights of the British men. The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of "neutrality". In any case, the island-like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible.
• In the

Historiography

The first British Empire centered on the Thirteen Colonies, which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain. The "Imperial School" in the 1900–1930s took a favorable view of the benefits of empire, emphasizing its successful economic integration. The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood, George Louis Beer, Charles M. Andrews, and Lawrence Gipson.

The shock of Britain's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of British policies on colonialism, thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire, even though Britain still controlled Canada and some islands in the West Indies. Ashley Jackson writes:

The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies, followed by a "swing to the east" and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia.

Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away. Since the 1960s, the mainstream of historiography has emphasized the growth of American consciousness and nationalism and the colonial republican value-system, in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders.

Historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches to analyze the American Revolution:

• The Atlantic history view places North American events in a broader context, including the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution. It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire.
• The new social history approach looks at community social structure to find issues that became magnified into colonial cleavages.
• The ideological approach centers on republicanism in the Thirteen Colonies. The ideas of republicanism dictated that the United States would have no royalty or aristocracy or national church. They did permit continuation of the British common law, which American lawyers and jurists understood, approved of, and used in their everyday practice. Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts.

See also

• American Revolutionary War § Prelude to revolution
• British colonization of the Americas
• Colonial American military history
• Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies
• Colonial history of the United States
• Colonial South and the Chesapeake
• Credit in the Thirteen Colonies
• Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
• History of the United States (1776–1789)
• Shipbuilding in the American colonies
• United Colonies, the name used by the Second Continental Congress in 1775-1776

Notes

References

1. Recorded usage of the term, 1700-1800.
2. Greene & Pole (2003).
3. Gipson, Lawrence (1936). The British Empire Before the American Revolution. Caxton Printers.
4. "Royal Charter of the Hudson's Bay Company".
5. Meinig (1986), p. 313–314.
6. Greene & Pole (2003), Chapter 61.
7. Middlekauff (1966), p. 23–45.
8. Shade, William G. (1969). "Lawrence Henry Gipson's Empire: The Critics". Pennsylvania History: 49–69.
9. Simms, Brendan (2008). Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire.
10. Jackson, Ashley (2013). The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction. p. 72. ISBN 9780199605415.
11. Tyrrell, Ian (1999). "Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire". The Journal of American History. 86 (3): 1015–1044. doi:10.2307/2568604. JSTOR 2568604.
12. Winks. Historiography. Vol. 5.
13. Cogliano, Francis D. (2010). "Revisiting the American Revolution". History Compass. 8 (8): 951–63. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00705.x.
14. Gould, Eliga H.; Onuf, Peter S., eds. (2005). Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World.
15. Compare: David Kennedy; Lizabeth Cohen (2015). American Pageant. Cengage Learning. p. 156. ISBN 9781305537422. the neoprogressives have argued that the varying material circumstances of American participants led them to hold distinctive versions of republicanism, giving the Revolution a less unified and more complex ideological underpinning than the idealistic historians had previously suggested.
16. Pearson, Ellen Holmes (2005). Gould; Onuf (eds.). Revising Custom, Embracing Choice: Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law. pp. 93–113. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
17. Chroust, Anton-Hermann (1965). Rise of the Legal Profession in America. Vol. 2.

Works cited

• Greene, Jack P. & Pole, J. R., eds. (2003). A Companion to the American Revolution (2nd ed.). ISBN 9781405116749.
• Meinig, Donald William (1986). The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492–1800. ISBN 9780300082906.
• Middlekauff, Robert (1966). Winks, Robin (ed.). The American Continental Colonies in the Empire. ISBN 9780822301936. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Middlekauff, Robert (2005) . The Glorious Cause: the American Revolution, 1763–1789. ISBN 9780195162479.
• Richter, Daniel (2011). Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts. ISBN 9780674055803.
• Taylor, Alan (2002). American Colonies. ISBN 9780142002100.
• Taylor, Alan (2016). American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804. ISBN 9780393253870.

Further reading

• Adams, James Truslow (1921). The Founding of New England. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780844615103.
• Adams, James Truslow (1923). Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9781404762626.
• Andrews, Charles M. (1912). The Colonial Period of American History. Yale University Press. ISBN 9781331210658.
• Carr, J. Revell (2008). Seeds of Discontent: The Deep Roots of the American Revolution, 1650–1750. Walker Books. ISBN 9780802715128.
• Chitwood, Oliver (1961). A history of colonial America. Harper.
• Cooke, Jacob Ernest; et al., eds. (1993). Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. C. Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684196091.
• Elliott, John (2006). Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300133554.
• Foster, Stephen, ed. (2014). British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191662744.
• Gipson, Lawrence (1936). The British Empire Before the American Revolution. Caxton Printers.
• Greene, Evarts Boutell; Harrington, Virginia Draper (1993). American Population before the Federal Census of 1790. Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 0806313773.
• Greene, Evarts Boutell (1905). Provincial America, 1690–1740. Harper & brothers. ISBN 9780722271841.
• Hawke, David F. (1966). The Colonial Experience. Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 9780672606885.
• Hawke, David F. (1988). Everyday Life in Early America. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060912512.
• Middleton, Richard; Lombard, Anne (2011). Colonial America: A History to 1763 (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781444396287.
• Vickers, Daniel, ed. (2003). A Companion to Colonial America. Wiley. ISBN 9780631210115.

Government

• Andrews, Charles M. (1904). Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689. Harper & Bros. ISBN 9781404760943. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009.
• Dinkin, Robert J. (1977). Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780837195438.
• Miller, John C. (1943). Origins of the American Revolution. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804705936.
• Osgood, Herbert L. (1904–1907). The American colonies in the seventeenth century. Macmillan.
• Osgood, Herbert L. (1924–1925). The American colonies in the eighteenth century. ISBN 9781258057220.

Primary sources

• Commager, Henry Steele; Morris, Richard B., eds. (1983) . The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution as told by Participants. Bobbs-Merrill. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017.
• Kavenagh, W. Keith; Morris, Richard B., eds. (1973). Foundations of Colonial America: a Documentary History. Chelsea House.
• Sarson, Steven; Greene, Jack P., eds. (2010). The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783. Pickering & Chatto.

External links

• "WWW-VL: HISTORY: USA: COLONIAL ERA" links to hundreds of primary and secondary documents, maps, and articles
• 840+ volumes of colonial records; useful for advanced scholarship

v t e Territorial expansion of the United States
Thirteen Colonies (1776) Treaty of Paris (1783) Louisiana Purchase (1803) Red River Cession (1818) Adams–Onís Treaty (1819) Texas Annexation (1845) Oregon Treaty (1846) Mexican Cession (1848) Gadsden Purchase (1853) Guano Islands Act (1856) Alaska Purchase (1867) Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Treaty of Paris (1898) Tripartite Convention (1899) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904) Annexation of Oklahoma (1906) Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917) Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)
Concept: Manifest destiny

• British Empire
• Monarchy
• North America

• Thirteen Colonies
• 1732 establishments in the British Empire
• 1776 disestablishments in the British Empire
• Colonial settlements in North America
• Colonial United States (British)
• English colonization of the Americas
• Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
• Former colonies in North America
• Former territorial entities in North America
• Former regions and territories of the United States