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Year 1232 (MCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• May – Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II reaffirms the Statutum in favorem principum.
• June 15 – Battle of Agridi: Henry I of Cyprus defeats the armies of Frederick II.
• July 16 – Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr is elected ruler of Arjona, Spain, by the local mosque. He rebels against the independent ruler of al-Andalus, Ibn Hud al-Yadami, and takes control of the city. This is the foundation of the Nasrid dynasty.
• August – In Italy, Pope Gregory IX is forced to remain in his summer retreat of Anagni by forces from Rome.
• September – Drenther Crusade ends.
• October 29 – Pope Gregory IX orders the Stedinger Crusade to be proclaimed in northern Germany.

Africa

• The Almohad army besieges the city of Ceuta, where Abu Musa, rebellious brother of Caliph Idris al-Ma'mun, has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels, who successfully resist the forces of the caliph. The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes de facto independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases, and the Trans-Saharan trade routes begin to shift eastward, due to the local turmoil.

Mongol Empire

• April 8 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan and his brother Tolui begins the siege of Kaifeng, capital of the Chinese Jin Dynasty. During the summer, the Jurchens try to end the siege by negotiating a peace treaty – but the assassination of a Mongol embassy makes further talks impossible. While the negotiations are ongoing, a plague is devastating the population of the city. Meanwhile, the supply stores in Kaifeng are also running out, and several residents of the city are executed on the suspicion that they are traitors.
• June – Mongol invasion of Korea: Choe Woo, Korean military dictator of Goryeo, orders against the pleas of King Gojong and his senior officials, the royal court, and most of Songdo's population to be moved to Ganghwa Island. Woo starts the construction of strong defenses on Ganghwa Island, which becomes a fortress. The government orders the common people to flee the countryside and take refuge in major cities, mountain citadels, or nearby islands. The Mongols occupy much of northern Korea, but fail to capture Ganghwa Island.
• December 16 – Battle of Cheoin: Korean forces defeat a Mongol attack at Cheoin (modern-day Yongin). The Mongol Empire concludes a peace treaty with Goryeo and withdraws his forces.

By topic

Literature

• The original set of woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana is destroyed by fire during the Second Mongol invasion of Korea.

Markets

• The northern French city of Troyes issues its first recorded life annuities, confirming the trend of consolidation of local public debts initiated in 1218, by the neighboring city of Reims.

Religion

• May 30 – Anthony of Padua is canonized by Pope Gregory IX at Spoleto, less than a year after his death; he becomes the patron saint of lost items.

Births

• Arnolfo di Cambio, Florentine architect (d. 1310)
• Manfred, King of Sicily (approximate date; k. 1266)
• Elisabeth of Wrocław, duchess consort of Greater Poland (approximate date; d. 1265)
• Ramon Llull, Majorcan missionary (d. 1316)
• Bernard Saisset, Occitan bishop of Pamiers (d. 1311)

Deaths

• July 18 – John de Braose, Marcher Lord of Bramber and Gower
• Michael Scot, Scottish mathematician and astrologer (b. 1175)
• Azalaïs of Montferrat, marchioness regent of Saluzzo (b. 1150)
• Tolui, son of Genghis Khan (b. c. 1190)

References

1. Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
2. Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. 9. p. 164.
3. Maier, Christoph T. (2006). "Drenthe Crusade (1228–1232)". In Murray, A. V. (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 365.
4. Smith, Thomas W. (2017). "The Use of the Bible in the Arengae of Pope Gregory IX's Crusade Calls". In Lapina, Elizabeth; Morton, Nicholas (eds.). The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources. Brill. pp. 206–235.
5. Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe–XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
6. Franke, Herbert (1994). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Allien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368, p. 263. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
7. Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00417565-5.
8. Dal-Gal, Niccolò (1907). "St. Anthony of Padua". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 13, 2011.

• 1232