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| File:4chan109.png4chan's main page as of January 9th, 2007 | |
| Type of site | Imageboard/TextBBS |
|---|---|
| Available in | English |
| Owner | "Moot" |
| Created by | "Moot" |
| URL | 4chan.org |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | No |
4chan (Japanese: Yotsuba, lit. "four leaves" Channel) is an English language imageboard, based on the Japanese imageboard Futaba Channel. On 4chan, many pictures (generally related to anime and manga) are posted and discussed.
Site description
4chan was founded as a project by "moot", a user of the ADTRW board on the Something Awful forums. This forum contributed to 4chan's initial userbase; however, the site soon attracted anime fans from around the world and has grown greatly since its creation.
The site is divided into discussion boards, image and upload boards, and drawing boards. Currently, there are 35 different image boards, with topics ranging from anime, weapons and photography to real and animated pornography. Eight of these (Cosplay & EGL, Food/Cooking, Comics & Cartoons, Music, News, Papercraft & Origami, Sports, and Television & Film) were "trial boards" until very recently, when all but Sports were upgraded to permanent boards, with Sports being discarded. The site's other boards include an oekaki board, an Artwork/Critique board, an upload board that is used for the uploading and discussion of Flash movies,and 19 text-based discussion boards. The discussion boards were once hosted on a separate site called "world4ch" (pronounced world four channel) until they were integrated into 4chan using the subdomain dis.4chan.org. The discussion boards were initially created by 4chan's administrators and hosted on world4ch as an homage to the defunct world2ch, which itself was a site created during as an earlier attempt to create an English version of 2channel, the Japanese site which started the entire anonymous BBS phenomenon.
Because 4chan is provided to its users free of charge and consumes such a large amount of bandwidth, the site's financing often becomes an issue. To avoid long periods of downtime caused by a severe lack of funds, such as the four "deaths" that plagued the site during its first year of existence, the 4chan staff regularly requests donations. However, there have been numerous problems relating to the receipt of funds through several different online payment services. These services include: PayPal, YowCow, and the Authorize.net payment gateway. Historically, a large contributing factor to these problems had been the presence of pornographic imageboards on 4chan, since such content violated many service provider's Terms and Conditions agreements.
/b/
The Random board /b/, named after the Nijiura board of Futaba Channel, is by far 4chan's most popular board, according to statistics which have been released by 4chan staff, as well as the sheer post count: As of February 3, 2007, /b/'s post count has surpassed 20,000,000 posts with most of the other boards still struggling to break 250,000; the anime and video games boards (/a/ and /v/, respectively) are the only other boards to have accumulated more than 1,000,000 posts. After /b/'s 19,000,000th post was made on January 13, 2007, it took only 21 days to accumulate another 1,000,000 posts on /b/, meaning /b/'s posting rate sustained an average of more than 47,600 posts per day. The humor of /b/'s many residents (also known as "/b/tards" ) has spawned enough intricate and hard-to-follow inside jokes that most newcomers find many posts incomprehensible. In addition, /b/ is known to officially have "No rules", save for a ban on illegal content and invasions of other websites (these being site-wide rules). The use of the title of "/b/tard" has been used in many online communities, including Second Life, by users who carry out online "attacks" against other users.
Your continued donations keep Misplaced Pages running! Lok Sabha Jump to: navigation, search India
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Other countries Portal:Politics Portal:Government of India
view • talk • edit The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा; meaning "House of the People") is the lower house in the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are direct representatives of the people of India, having been directly elected by the electorate consisting of all eligible adult citizens of India. Its maximum size as outlined in the Constitution of India is 552 members, made up of up to 530 members representing people from the states of India, up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two members appointed by the President of India to represent the Anglo-Indian community if he or she finds that community to not have adequate representation in the House. Some seats are reserved for scheduled caste and tribes.
Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a Proclamation of Emergency which may extend the term in one year increments. The Fourteenth Lok Sabha was formed in May 2004.
The longest serving Lok Sabha member was Shri Ashoke Kumar Sen, a minister who served with many prime ministers including Nehru and Indira Gandhi. He won the seat a record 8 times.
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha consistencies' boundaries is being carried out by the Election Commission of India based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise which was supposed to be carried out after every census was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented. penis
Contents 1 Important Members of the Fourteenth Lok Sabha 2 Composition of Lok Sabha 3 Powers, including the Special powers of the Lok Sabha 4 Sessions of Lok Sabha 5 Lok Sabha since Independence 6 Expulsion of Members for Contempt of the House 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links
Important Members of the Fourteenth Lok Sabha Speaker: Somnath Chatterjee, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Bolpur, West Bengal Deputy Speaker: Charanjit Singh Atwal, Shiromani Akali Dal, Phillaur, Punjab Leader of the House: Pranab Mukherjee, Indian National Congress, Jangipur, West Bengal Leader of the Opposition: Lal Krishna Advani, Bharatiya Janata Party, Gandhinagar, Gujarat Secretary General: P.D.T. Achraya
Composition of Lok Sabha The members of the Lok Sabha elect a Speaker of Lok Sabha who is responsible for the conduct of business of the body, and a Deputy Speaker to preside over the proceedings in the absence of the Speaker.
The membership of Lok Sabha is distributed among the states and union territories so as to ensure proper representation of the population of the states and union territories. The current allocation of membership is as follows: (545 members: 543 elected + 2 nominated)
No. State No. of members 1 Andhra Pradesh 42 2 Arunachal Pradesh 2 3 Assam 14 4 Bihar 40 5 Chhatisgarh 11 6 Goa 2 7 Gujarat 26 8 Haryana 10 9 Himachal Pradesh 4 10 Jammu and Kashmir 6 11 Jharkand 14 12 Karnataka 28 13 Kerala 20 14 Madhya Pradesh 29 15 Maharashtra 48 16 Manipur 2 17 Meghalaya 2 18 Mizoram 1 19 Nagaland 1 20 Orissa 21 21 Punjab 13 22 Rajasthan 25 23 Sikkim 1 24 Tamil Nadu 39 25 Tripura 2 26 Uttar Pradesh 80 27 Uttaranchal 5 28 West Bengal 42
Union Territories
No. Union Territory No. of members 1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 2 Chandigarh 1 3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 4 Daman and Diu 1 5 Delhi 7 6 Lakshadweep 1 7 Pondicherry 1
Nominated Members
Anglo-Indians - 2 Total members - 545
On normal business days, the Lok Sabha assembles from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., and again from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. The first hour of every sitting is called the Question Hour, during which questions posed by members may be assigned to specific government ministries, to be answered at a fixed date in the future.
The Lok Sabha shares legislative power with the Rajya Sabha, except in the area of Money Bills, in which case the Lok Sabha has the ultimate authority. If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.
Powers, including the Special powers of the Lok Sabha
The special powers of the Lok Sabha is the reason why the Lok Sabha is de facto and de jure more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.
A motion of no confidence against the government may be introduced and passed only in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and his council of Ministers shall collectively resign. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence no real power over the executive. However, the Prime Minister may threaten (sic) the dissolution of the Lok Sabha and recommend this to the President, forcing another untimely General Election. The President normally accepts this recommendation unless he is otherwise convinced that the Lok Sabha might recommend a new Prime Minister by a majority vote. Thus de facto, both the executive and the legislature in India have checks and balances over each other. A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. After it is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated upon for a maximum period of 14 days. If rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill shall be considered passed. The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India In matters pertaining to non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it shall be sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the recommendations made by the members of the other house are not accepted by the House which originally tabled the bill, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by the President by calling a joint session of both Houses which is presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority. The will of the Lok Sabha normally prevails in thses matters, as its strength is more than double that of the Rajya Sabha Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in intiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amemndment (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting) Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President (by two-thirds of the membership of the House) Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting) Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency, the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole de facto and de jure Parliament. It, of course, cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha.
Sessions of Lok Sabha Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year:
Budget Session: February to May. Monsoon Session: July to September. Winter Session: November to December.
Lok Sabha since Independence No Start of Term End of Term Prime Minister(s) President(s) Related Elections ^
1st Lok Sabha 17 Apr 1952 04 Apr 1957 Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad 2nd Lok Sabha 05 Apr 1957 31 Mar 1962 Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad 3rd Lok Sabha 02 Apr 1962 03 Mar 1967 Jawaharlal Nehru, Gulzarilal Nanda, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan 4th Lok Sabha 04 Mar 1967 27 Dec 1970 Indira Gandhi Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, Varahagiri Venkata Giri 5th Lok Sabha 15 Mar 1971 18 Jan 1977 Indira Gandhi Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 6th Lok Sabha 23 Mar 1977 22 Aug 1979 Morarji Desai Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 7th Lok Sabha 10 Jan 1980 31 Dec 1984 Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Giani Zail Singh 8th Lok Sabha 31 Dec 1984 27 Nov 1989 Rajiv Gandhi Giani Zail Singh,R Venkataraman 9th Lok Sabha 02 Dec 1989 13 Mar 1991 V.P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar R Venkataraman 10th Lok Sabha 20 Jun 1991 10 May 1996 P. V. Narasimha Rao R Venkataraman, Shankar Dayal Sharma 11th Lok Sabha 15 May 1996 04 Dec 1997 H.D Deve Gowda, I.K Gujral K.R Narayanan 12th Lok Sabha 10 Mar 1998 26 Apr 1999 Atal B. Vajpayee K.R Narayanan 13th Lok Sabha 10 Oct 1999 06 Feb 2004 Atal B. Vajpayee K.R Narayanan, Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam 14th Lok Sabha 17 May 2004 Till Date Dr. Manmohan Singh Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam
Expulsion of Members for Contempt of the House
On 12 December 2005, a private news channel telecast an entrapment operation where 11 Members of Parliament were apparently caught on video receiving cash inducements in return for raising questions in the Parliament. Following swift inquiries by Ethics Committee of Rajya Sabha and a Special Committee of the Lok Sabha the members were found guilty and the motion for their expulsion was adopted in respective Houses. As of February 2006, the matter is sub-judice since these members have challenged the expulsion before the Honorable High Court of Delhi and the Honorable Supreme Court of India.
On 23 December 2005 the following members of the Lok Sabha ceased to be members following the adoption of the motion calling for their expulsion:
Narendra Kumar Kushwaha, BSP, Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) 23.12.2005 Raja Ram Pal, BSP, Bilhaur (Uttar Pradesh) 23.12.2005 Manoj Kumar, RJD, Palamau (SC) (Jharkhand) 23.12.2005 Baba Saheb Chandra Pratap Singh, BJP Sidhi (ST) (Madhya Pradesh) 23.12.2005 Annasaheb M.K. Patil, BJP Erandol (Maharashtra) 23.12.2005 Y.G. Mahajan, BJP, Jalgaon (Maharashtra) 23.12.2005 Suresh Chandel, BJP, Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh) 23.12.2005 Pradeep Gandhi, BJP, Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh) 23.12.2005 Ramsevak (Babuji) Singh, INC, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) 23.12.2005 Lal Chandra, BSP, Robertsganj (SC) (Uttar Pradesh) 23.12.2005 The involved journalists' take on the operation.
Link to the report of the Lok Sabha inquiry committee on Parliament of India website (in PDF format)
See also
Rajya Sabha
Politics of India
Indian general elections 1951-1971
Indian general elections 1977-1999
Indian general elections, 2004
Notes ^ http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp ^ Lok Sabha Official Website accessed 25 Oct, 2006.
External links Description of Lok Sabha on website of Parliament of India Website of Lok Sabha Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/Lok_Sabha" Categories: Parliament of India | National lower houses
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This page was last modified 17:27, 6 February 2007. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Misplaced Pages® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a US-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Misplaced Pages Disclaimers
Anonymity
4chan is an anonymous BBS that does not require the user to supply any personal information, such as a name or email address, before being able to post messages. Unlike most web forums, 4chan does not have any kind of registration system (for the boards within 4chan that use nicknames). Any person can use any nickname to his or her liking, making it possible to post under the name of someone else by simply entering their name into the posting form. In place of registration, 4chan has provided tripcodes as an optional form of authenticating a poster's identity. As the concept of anonymous posting is a defining feature of Futaba-like imageboards, the use of tripcodes generates controversy amongst 4chan users. Many posters who use them risk being singled out and ridiculed, often with the use of derogatory terms such as "tripfag". As anonymous posting causes posts to be attributed to "Anonymous", a running gag on 4chan is the idea that Anonymous is in fact a single person, or the true name of the posters.
The /b/ board differs from the others in that it uses "forced anonymous", removing the name and subject fields from the posting form, however, emails are left in the form and are clickable in posts in the timestamp area.
Moderators will generally post without a name even when performing bannings or posting information. In this case, the post is attributed to "Anonymous ## Mod" (though even mods are sometimes known to simply post as "Anonymous"). The primary exception is when 4chan's founder "moot" posts information relating to changes in the site, though it also possible for "moot" to post anonymously.
Memes
4chan has given birth to a number of Internet memes, a select few of which have become popular enough to spread outside of 4chan and become widely recognized Internet phenomena. For example, some memes have affected the work of several webcomic artists. Notable examples of webcomic artists that have been influenced by such memes include Josh Lesnick of the webcomic Girly, Ghastly of Ghastly's Ghastly Comic, and Dave Cheung of Chugworth Academy. These cases of influence also serve to demonstrate 4chan's broader impact on the online community. A detailed list of these abundant catchphrases, memes and wordfilters can be found at the ChanChan wiki.
Many of these memes have taken the form of image macros; a user posts a picture, and others add text or edit the picture in other ways. Due to an overwhelming proliferation of image macros inside of 4chan's imageboards, they were banned from use on 4chan in early 2005 - though this does not apply to the Random board, /b/.
Another popular form of meme is "copypasta" (a variation on copy and paste, originally found on 2channel as "kopipe"). This meme consists of the text of a previous post, usually a rant or boastful claim, continually reposted by users other than the original author. Variations on this theme involve edits to the original text to make it conform to any of a number of textual memes.
See also
References
- ^ "4chan News Archive". 4chan. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
- Winston, Ali (2007-01-08). "'Hate Host' is hacked". Jersey Journal, The. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "4chan's Rules". 4chan. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- Cite error: The named reference
4chanFAQwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - "Girly #387". Josh Lesnick. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- "Ghastly's Ghastly Comic - "Filler Strip."". Chris Cracknell. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
- "Whoa! Ghastly extracurricular comic found?". Posted on ComicGenesis Forums. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- "Chugworth Academy #215". Dave Cheung. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
External links
- The 4chan imageboard