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Foreign-exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, are, in a strict sense, only foreign-currency deposits held by national central banks and monetary authorities (See List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)). However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.

These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g. the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Chinese Yuan (renminbi) , the Swiss Franc and the Pound Sterling) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g. the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency. Some nations are converting foreign-exchange reserves into sovereign wealth funds, which can rival foreign-exchange reserves in size.

The list below is mostly based on the latest available IMF data, and while most nations report in U.S. dollars, a few nations in Eastern Europe report solely in Euros. And since all the figures below are in U.S. dollar equivalents, exchange rate fluctuations can have a significant impact on these figures.

Foreign exchange reserves

Rank	Country or region	Foreign exchange reserves (millions of US$)	Figures as of	Change from previous data (millions of US$) weekly/monthly	Sources
1	China	3,398,927	November 2021	6,698
2	Japan	1,405,754	November 2021	1,234
3	Switzerland	1,086,197	October 2021	8,766
4	India	635,080	24 December 2021	587
5	Russia	630,500	24 December 2021	4,200
6	Taiwan	547,330	November 2021	630
7	Hong Kong	499,500	November 2021	1,500
8	South Korea	463,900	November 2021	5,300
9	Saudi Arabia	450,527	October 2021	14,653
10	Singapore	418,146	August 2021	10,410
11	Brazil	370,395	August 2021	14,724
12	Germany	296,727	August 2021	35,393
13	Thailand	282,172	August 2021	2,442
14	United States	251,238	October 2021	1,146
15	France	244,401	August 2021	26,127
16	United Kingdom	229,943	September 2021	27,774
17	Italy	226,908	August 2021	19,270
18	Israel	208,769	November 2021	1,296
19	Mexico	202,303	17 December 2021	863
20	Czech Republic	171,639	October 2021	1,241
21	Poland	169,452	August 2021	6,427
22	Indonesia	144,784	August 2021	7,441
23	Turkey	121,837	October 2021	4,037
24	Malaysia	115,190	September 2021	1,089
25	United Arab Emirates	111,078	July 2021	314
26	Philippines	107,670	12 December 2021	213
27	Canada	106,270	October 2021	269
28	Vietnam	102,872	July 2021	2,084
29	Spain	91,106	September 2021	1,311
30	Norway	88,058	August 2021	5,736
31	Iran	86,000	February 2020
-	European Union (ECB)	85,602	August 2021	801
32	Peru	78,501	15 December 2021	3,000
33	Denmark	78,004	August 2021	3,648
34	Libya	73,788	November 2020	665
35	Iraq	64,000	14 December 2021	6,092
36	Algeria	60,914	October 2020	1,454
37	Colombia	58,161	September 2021	124
38	South Africa	54,473	June 2021	334
39	Sweden	54,020	6 March 2021	1,345
40	Netherlands	54,016	May 2021	2,677
41	Australia	47,847	April 2021	213
42	Kuwait	48,202	December 2020	753
43	Bangladesh	45,100	10 December 2021	1000
44	Romania	44,568	2 December 2021	5,000
45	Chile	42,593	April 2021	2,373
46	Qatar	40,978	December 2020	93
47	Egypt	40,909	7 December 2021	448
48	Nigeria	40,660	22 December 2021	4,652
49	Argentina	39,139	22 December 2021	1,956
50	Hungary	36,593	April 2021	933
51	Kazakhstan	34,220	April 2021	714
52	Morocco	34,095	April 2021	420
53	Uzbekistan	33,027	May 2021	1,380
54	Bulgaria	32,881	April 2021	748
55	Belgium	31,762	April 2021	860
56	Ukraine	31,614	September 2021	2,656
57	Portugal	29,050	April 2021	2,391
58	Austria	28,513	April 2021	842
59	Croatia	28,081	4 November 2021	4,132
60	Macau	25,849	April 2021	819
61	Turkmenistan	20,600	February 2017
62	Cambodia	19,500	23 July 2021	1410
63	Guatemala	18,807	April 2021	112
64	Serbia	18,560	14 December 2021	175
65	Oman	18,000	28 December 2021	778
66	Pakistan	17,855	24 December 2021	298
67	Jordan	16,568	April 2021	7
68	Uruguay	16,058	April 2021	227
69	Angola	14,612	April 2021	391
70	New Zealand	14,606	April 2021	1,684
71	Finland	13,298	April 2021	251
72	Dominican Republic	12,611	June 2021	200
73	Lebanon	12,500	21 December 2021	30,877
74	Ghana	11,403	29 September 2021	2,445
75	Greece	10,895	February 2021	277
76	Nepal	10,470	21 December 2021	1500
77	Paraguay	9,880	April 2021	199
78	Panama	9,613	2020	5,400
79	Afghanistan	9,446	February 2021	60
80	Slovakia	9,305	May 2021	96
81	Bosnia and Herzegovina	9,300	29 November 2021	916
82	Kenya	8,870	21 November 2021	630
83	Tunisia	8,840	March 2021	290
84	Honduras	8,462	24 December 2021	320
85	Ecuador	8,130	23 November 2021	4931
87	North Korea	8,000	October 2013
88	Ireland	7,717	April 2021	3
89	Azerbaijan	7,689	March 2021	142
90	Mauritius	7,461	April 2021	133
91	Trinidad and Tobago	7,293	August 2021	644
92	Belarus	7,277	April 2021	337
93	Iceland	6,860	April 2021	74
94	Costa Rica	6,814	29 November 2021	320
95	Tanzania	6,714	19 November 2021	1,600
96	Myanmar	6,700	2019	800
97	Venezuela	5,908	16 November 2021	776
98	Latvia	5,404	April 2021	80
99	Botswana	5,080	February 2021	267
100	Lithuania	4,848	December 2020	440
101	Cuba	4,847	March 2020	8,391
102	Ivory Coast	4,688	November 2017
103	Bolivia	4,624	June 2021	651
104	Albania	4,345	26 November 2021	400
105	Uganda	4,300	1 December 2021	950
106	Nicaragua	4,000	17 December 2021	1100
107	Jamaica	3,905	June 2021	300
108	Mozambique	3,888	2019
109	Georgia	3,776	October 2020	400
110	Mongolia	3,697	September 2020	300
111	Brunei	3,664	February 2021	98
112	Cameroon	3,459	2018
113	Moldova	3,453	September 2020	500
114	Bahrain	3,415	February 2020
115	North Macedonia	3,400	9 December 2021	1,500
116	Armenia	3,192	September 2021	370
117	Ethiopia	2,993	2019
118	Kyrgyzstan	2,910	September 2021	700
119	El Salvador	2,510	April 2021	62
120	Papua New Guinea	2,339	2019	500
121	Haiti	2,296	2019	100
122	Estonia	2,216	October 2020	900
123	Namibia	1,924	September 2020	25
124	Bahamas	1,758	2019
125	Madagascar	1,693	2019
126	Sri Lanka	1,587	December 2021	1,213
127	Montenegro	1,529	2019
128	Mauritania	1,493	2020
129	Tajikistan	1,466	2019
130	Rwanda	1,465	2019
131	Zambia	1,449	2019
132	Guinea	1,418	2019
133	Gabon	1,321	2019
134	Cyprus	1,271	August 2020	200
135	Bhutan	1,238	2019
136	Slovenia	1,217	October 2020	200
137	Luxembourg	1,191	December 2020	34
138	Laos	1,068	2019
139	Curaçao	1,055	31 October 2019
140	Fiji	1,043	2019
141	Niger	1,039	2015
142	Aruba	982	2019
143	Kosovo	965	2019
144	Malta	928	October 2020	30
145	Lesotho	774	2019
146	Barbados	772	2019
147	Maldives	762	2018
148	Cape Verde	737	2019
149	Palestine	683	August 2019	50
150	Democratic Republic of the Congo	665	2018
151	Timor-Leste	656	2019
152	Suriname	647	2019	65
153	Mali	624	2015
154	Guyana	573	2019	50
155	Solomon Islands	571	2019
156	Seychelles	566	September 2020	31
157	Sierra Leone	532	2019
158	Vanuatu	511	2019
159	Djibouti	501	2019
160	San Marino	473	2019
161	Malawi	471	13 October 2021	350
162	Eswatini	440	2019
163	Republic of the Congo	423	2018
164	Syria	407	31 December 2017
165	Federated States of Micronesia	397	2019
166	Central African Republic	361	2018
167	Saint Kitts and Nevis	351	2018
168	Liberia	349	2019
169	Guinea-Bissau	332	2015
170	Antigua and Barbuda	279	2019
171	Belize	277	2019
172	Saint Lucia	260	2019
173	Yemen	245	31 December 2017
174	Grenada	236	2019
175	Tonga	229	2019
176	Togo	215	31 December 2017
177	Comoros	202	2019
178	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	193	2019
179	Eritrea	191	2019
180	Gambia	191	2018
181	Samoa	185	2019
182	Sudan	177	2017
183	Dominica	166	2019
184	Senegal	152	31 December 2017
185	Zimbabwe	151	2019
186	Chad	147	2018
187	Burundi	111	2019
188	South Sudan	68	2016
189	Benin	60	31 December 2017
190	Montserrat	49	31 December 2017
191	Equatorial Guinea	48	2018
192	Burkina Faso	45	31 December 2017
193	São Tomé and Príncipe	47	2019
194	Somalia	32	31 December 2017
195	Kiribati	6	2020

Timeline of the top 5 countries

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The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includes China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia and Taiwan. Saudi Arabia formerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil.

The images below shows the timeline of their reserves since the earliest available forex data. The list is in accordance to their respective positions.

China

The foreign-exchange reserves of China are the greatest of all countries and have been so for more than 14 years. The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds USD and one-fifth Euros with the rest made up of Japanese Yen and the British Pound. China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.

China began reducing its forex reserves in July 2014 over concerns that the forex reserve level was too high. The practice lasted one and a half years. In January 2017, Chinese forex reserves dipped below $3 trillion briefly and have since remained above that level.

Japan

Japanese forex reserves are the second largest in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. They have remained in second place since 2006 and above $1 trillion since 2008, being the second country to surpass $1 trillion.

Switzerland

Swiss forex reserves are the third largest in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled in Swiss francs. Since the Financial crisis of 2007-2008, the Swiss franc has significantly appreciated against other currencies due to Switzerland's traditional perceived safety which has attracted speculative foreign capital; due to the inflows of investment income by Swiss firms, and due to the large surplus in the trade of goods. In order to protect the real economy from the sudden speculative appreciation of the currency, the Swiss National Bank began intervening in the currency markets, first with an explicit target of a maximum exchange rate against the euro of 1.20CHF/EUR until 2015, and then through implicit interventions. However, the resilience of the export sector and the continued inflows of capital, has meant that the Swiss Franc has kept appreciating. As a result of this, the SNB has been unable to dispose of its large accumulated foreign exchange reserves since their sale would lead to an even greater appreciation of the currency.

India

The Foreign-exchange reserves of India are the fourth largest. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so. It is expected that India would reach $655 billion mark by the end of March 2022. During the 1991 Indian economic crisis country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to subsequent economic liberalisation. Since then the reserves have seen a 12,700% increase over 30 years.

Russia

Russian reserves are the world's fifth largest; They have reached a level of $600 billion on 21/05/2021. They were the third country to reach $500 billion. The first fall in reserves was due to the Great Recession, the second fall in 2015 was due to falling oil prices.

Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves

IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB). Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.

Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)
(US Dollars, billions)

No.	Currency	Q4 2016	Q1 2017	Q2 2017	Q3 2017	Q4 2017	Q1 2018	Q2 2018	Q3 2018	Q4 2018	Q1 2019	Q2 2019	Q3 2019	Q4 2019	Q1 2020
1	USD	5,501.98	5,713.35	5,909.13	6,124.73	6,280.61	6,530.87	6,560.78	6,632.15	6,617.84	6,727.09	6,752.28	6,728.85	6,674.83	6,794.91
2	EUR	1,610.87	1,703.13	1,847.19	1,933.68	2,019.25	2,117.57	2,129.41	2,192.43	2,219.34	2,208.79	2,264.88	2,212.74	2,279.30	2,197.30
3	JPY	332.93	399.85	427.79	435.67	491.01	477.28	511.52	532.94	558.36	584.63	611.87	612.75	631.00	624.97
4	GBP	365.85	377.89	409.48	434.08	454.12	486.13	469.86	481.10	475.45	495.70	497.41	492.22	511.51	486.08
5	RMB	90.78	95.42	100.00	108.37	123.47	145.67	192.75	192.38	202.79	212.26	212.80	213.83	215.81	221.48
6	CAD	163.14	167.49	178.77	192.85	202.80	193.29	200.22	208.74	197.76	208.64	209.85	205.44	206.71	195.13
7	AUD	142.30	156.28	162.31	171.22	180.01	176.96	178.61	180.91	174.21	181.95	186.71	182.48	187.18	170.16
8	CHF	13.69	14.45	15.60	16.31	18.09	17.93	17.18	17.18	15.86	15.27	15.53	16.20	17.36	16.05
Other currencies		199.51	208.28	209.55	228.81	244.69	256.46	254.62	269.60	266.07	263.50	270.56	262.92	281.50	255.53
Unallocated Reserves		2,293.61	2,063.28	1,859.04	1,650.32	1,430.36	1,201.40	951.69	692.22	690.55	712.93	715.88	729.40	749.55	770.32
Total		10,714.68	10,899.42	11,118.86	11,296.05	11,444.41	11,603.57	11,466.63	11,399.66	11,418.24	11,610.77	11,737.76	11,656.82	11,824.74	11,731.94

See also

• List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)
• List of circulating currencies

Notes

1. increment & decrement icon of countries resets at end of month or till specific country releases its forex reserve data.
2. Indian reports are released on a weekly basis rather than the traditional monthly basis with the figures being of the previous week, by Reserve Bank of India.
3. Russian Federation releases both weekly and monthly data of its reserves.
4. Known as the Republic of China
5. Amount calculated on 31 Oct 2021 when 1sar : 0.2665 usd.
6. Includes 261.499 million fine troy ounces of gold valued at a fixed price of $42.2222 per fine troy ounce. The US releases data on a weekly basis.
7. Reserves held by the UK Government and Bank of England.
8. Turkey releases both weekly and monthly data
9. The Iranian government does not report the foreign exchange reserves as a matter of policy and all figures are estimates calculated by international or foreign institutes, which are occasionally endorsed by Iranian officials without disclosing the exact numbers.
10. Not to be confused over 'Eurozone' ECB is the common bank of European countries that have opted for Euro as their common currency but eurozone includes the total amount of foreign reserves held by the different European countries central bank and provides collective data of all European members.
11. Including gold reserves valued @ $1,878.67 per fine troy ounce calculated on 30 October 2020
12. Sweden releases both weekly and monthly data
13. Amount calculated on 31 December 2020 when 1 Kuwaiti Dinar: 3.29 USD
14. Kenya releases data on a weekly basis.
15. Figure reported in NAf (ANG), and derived using currency peg of 1USD to 1.79ANG.
16. Name in IMF data is "West Bank and Gaza".

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90. " ". data.imf.org. Retrieved 22 August 2020.

External links

• IMF's Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity -- Reporting Countries
• IMF's SDDS subscribers with links to their websites containing data on international reserves
• Central bank and monetary authority websites at the Bank for International Settlements website

• Articles with bare URLs for citations from December 2021
• Lists of countries
• Lists of countries by economic indicator
• Foreign exchange reserves