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Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
Queen of the Romans Queen in Germany Queen of Bohemia and Hungary Archduchess of Austria
Portrait by Hans Maler, c. 1519
Holy Roman Empress
Tenure	27 August 1556 – 27 January 1547
Queen (Consort) of the Romans Queen (Consort) in Germany
Tenure	5 January 1531 – 27 January 1547
Queen (Consort) of Hungary Queen (Consort) of Bohemia
Tenure	1526 – 27 January 1547
Coronation	25 February 1524 (Hungary) 4 November 1527 (Bohemia)
Archduchess (Consort) of Austria
Tenure	25 May 1521 – 27 January 1547
Born	(1503-07-23)23 July 1503 Buda, Kingdom of Hungary
Died	27 January 1547(1547-01-27) (aged 43) Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia
Burial	St. Vitus Cathedral
Spouse	Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor ​ ​(m. 1521)​
Issue	Elizabeth, Queen of Poland Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Anna, Duchess of Bavaria Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg Catherine, Queen of Poland Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara Charles II, Archduke of Austria Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
House	Jagiellonian dynasty (by birth) House of Habsburg (by marriage)
Father	Vladislaus II of Hungary
Mother	Anne of Foix-Candale
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (23 July 1503 – 27 January 1547), also known by the Latin form of her name, Anna Jagellonica (Czech: Anna Jagellonská, Hungarian: Jagelló Anna, Croatian: Ana Jagelović, German: Anna Jagiello von Böhmen und Ungarn) was a Hungarian and Bohemian princess from the House of Jagiellon. She became the Queen (Consort) of the Romans, Queen (Consort) in Germany, Queen (Consort) of Bohemia and Hungary (including Croatia), and Hungary as well as an Archduchess of Austria as the wife of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Background of her birth (1500–1503)

Vladislaus II, King of Bohemia and Hungary (and Croatia) (1456–1516) married Anne of Foix-Candale (1484–1506), a French noblewoman 28 years younger than him in the desperate hope of fathering a male heir apparent to his thrones. He had been married two times before (bigamously), but neither marriages were consummated, and both were annulled on the same day in 1500. He finally married Anne on 23 July 1502, and in January 1503, it was reported by Venetian deputies in Hungary that the new queen was pregnant. In the summer of that year, Vladislaus' mother, Elizabeth, Queen Dowager of Poland (1436–1505) wrote a letter to her son, rejoicing over the possible arrival of a much-awaited heir and containing contemporary child-rearing advice:

I hear, my beloved son, that thy wife Queen Anne is going to give birth to a child in the coming days. It can already serve as a testimony to what a great joy and consolation this news has been to me that I could not restrain myself from addressing a few admonitions to thee and thine Anne that would be salutary for the child's education. For what good deed could the immortal God bestow upon us that would be more desirable and dear to us than blessing thee with a son (...) I, therefore, as far as it can happen without endangering the health of the mother, would want the child to be breastfed by Anne herself; for I consider this the best and healthiest. It is common opinion that nothing is more useful to the infant than if it is fed with the mother's milk.

— Queen Dowager Elizabeth of Poland, De Institutione Regii Pueri Helisabetha Poloniae Regina Wladislao Pannoniae Bohemiaeque Regi Filio Carissimo/The Instruction of Royal Children, Elizabeth Polish Queen to her Dear Son Vladislaus Hungarian and Bohemian King, A Bécsi Császári és Királyi Udvari Könyvtárnak 10573. számú XVI. századi kódexe (in Hungarian). Pozsony. 1893

Early life (1503–1521)

Birth and baptism (1503)

On 23 July 1503 the princess was born in Buda (today part of Budapest). She was baptised on 15 August 1503 in the Church of the Assumption of Buda Castle (Hungarian: Budavári Nagyboldogasszony-templom) (known commonly as Matthias Church, Hungarian: Mátyás-templom) by Cardinal Tamás Bakócz/Bakács, titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, and Archbishop of Esztergom (1442–1521). Her godmothers were the widow of the late Palatine Stephen Szapolyai/Zápolya, born Princess Hedwig of Cieszyn (1469–1521) and the wife of Judge Royal and Voivode of Transylvania Count Péter Szentgyörgyi, born Kunigunda Ctibor. Her godfathers were Cardinal Pietro Isvalies, Archbishop of Reggio Calabria and Apostolic Administrator of Veszprém (died 1511), the papal legate to Hungary and Poland; Lawrence, Voivode of Bosnia and of Ilok (1459–1524), Venetian deputy Dr. Giovanni Badoer, and royal secretary George Szatmári (circa 1457–1524). In celebration, the fountain of Buda Castle dispensed wine for a whole day, free for everyone, there were bonfires at night and a feast ending only at dawn.

Early childhood in Hungary (1503–1515)

Anne's care was entrusted to a nurse, Ursula Pemfflinger/Pemflinger/Phnjynger/Pynphlinger, probably born Schneidpöck, second wife of a juror and judge (mayor) of Buda, Hans Pemfflinger (also known as János Nyírő; floruit 1477 – died 1512/1513). On 10 January 1504, when she was only about 6 months old, her father suffered a stroke and struggled with recovery, not being able to stand up until February. As his health had been frail before, the court was concerned with the lack of a male heir.

First marriage negotiations (1505–1515)

In February 1505, one of the princess' godmothers, Hedwig of Cieszyn asked for the 19-month-old toddler's hand in marriage for her 18-year-old son, John Zápolya/Szapolyai (1490/1491–1540). His other son, George (circa 1488–1526) had been engaged to Elisabeth Corvinus (1496–1508), illegitimate granddaughter of King Matthias I (1443–1490) earlier that month, whose late father John Corvinus (1473–1504) had had a claim to the Hungarian throne. The royal court refused the proposal politely. Instead, the king chose Palatine Imre Perényi (died 1519) as his daughter's intended, who had been elected palatine in May 1504 over John Corvinus. However, Vladislaus soon abandoned his previous plans and, on 19 July 1505, he started secret negotiations with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor about the marriage of Princess Anne and the emperor's two-year-old grandson, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria (1503–1564), who was Anne's second cousin once removed.

The Resolution of Rákos and its immediate consequences (1505–1506)

In 1505, the Parlamentum Publicum/Generale gathered on the Field of Rákos (Hungarian: Rákos-mező), where they agreed that the election of foreign-born kings was the reason for what they called "the appalling disintegration and hideous destruction" of the country (Hungarian: rémséges szétrongyolódásának és csúfságos pusztulásának). Against this, a document was written by legal theorist and statesman István Werbőczy (1458–1541) that declared that if King Vladislaus died without a legitimate son, the parlamentum would choose a new king from the Hungarian nobility, dismissing Princess Anne as an heir. The supporters of John Zápolya worked together to pass this as a resolution, which happened on 13 October and became known as the Resolution of Rákos (Hungarian: rákosi végzés).

We want to prevent us from sinking into even greater menace in case our gracious lord, King Vladislaus (...) would die without a male heir, and a foreign prince, occupying our homeland with force, would bring us to perpetual servitude. As there is no nation around the globe that does not choose its king and lord from its own blood and own clan: we must not allow our country (...) to be inferior and unhappier than others.

— István Werbőczy, Resolution of Rákos, Hungaricana Archives

The parlamentum also decided that war should be declared against Maximilian I, and on 7 May 1606, Vladislaus complied. However, he had already signed a pact with the emperor on 20 March in Wiener Neustadt, declaring the Resolution of Rákos invalid and betrothing Princess Anne to Archduke Ferdinand. As Queen Anne was three months pregnant at the time of the secret pact, the two monarchs also agreed that if she gave birth to a son, he would marry Ferdinand's sister Mary (1505–1558). In June 1506, the imperial forces took Sopron and Pozsony (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia), which did not put an end to the secret talks between Maximilian and Vladislav. On 22 June, the court officially declared Imre Perényi to be Anne's fiancé, but on 19 July, a peace treaty was signed and the engagement to Perényi forgotten.

Between the death of her mother and the First Congress of Vienna (1506–1515)

On 1 July 1506 in Buda, Queen Anne gave birth to a premature son, Louis (Hungarian: Lajos), but died of postpartum infections three weeks later on 26 July, only three days after her daughter's third birthday. Louis himself was a sickly child, but the royal doctors succeeded at keeping him alive. After this, King Vladislav reportedly only found enjoyment in the company of his children, played with them and walked with them in the castle gardens. In 1506, a mutual succession treaty was signed.

On 4 June 1508, two-year-old Louis was crowned junior king of Hungary in Székesfehérvár as Louis II. Afterwards, the children received their own household, the members of which had previously served their mother. The head of their household was István Istvánffy (died 1517), the manager of their lands and livestock Ladislaus Szalkai (1475–1526). János Bornemissza (died 1527) was put in charge of their education, while the humanist poet Hieronymus Balbus (circa 1450 – 1535) was their first tutor, who mostly neglected his duties and focused on court intrigues. In 1510, he was replaced by Jakob Piso (died 1527), who taught them general knowledge and Latin. The children also learned Czech from Jetřich z Tandorfu and Italian from the royal interpreter Stephen of Ragusa.

Later childhood in Austria (1515–1521)

The First Congress of Vienna (1515)

In the summer of 1515, King Vladislav, Junior King Louis, and Princess Anne travelled to the First Congress of Vienna. Other guests were Maximilian I, his granddaughter Archduchess Mary, and Sigismund I, King of Poland (1467–1548), Vladislav's younger brother. Archdukes Charles and Ferdinand were not present as they were being raised in the Low Countries and in Castile, respectively. After the reunion on 19 July, the bethrothal was celebrated on 22 July in St. Stephen's Cathedral (German: Stephansdom). Maximilain stood proxy for his absent grandson. Both brides had a dowry of 200 000 gold coins. As Mary was to become queen as Louis' wife, the Hungarians expected a similar rank for Anne: she would either be Queen of Aragon, etc. and Castile and León as Charles' wife, or that of Italy or a proposed "Kingdom of Austria" if married to Ferdinand. The widower Maximilian also had to promise that if for some reason neither of his grandsons were able to marry Anne, he would do it himself, despite their 44-year age difference.

During the events of the reunion, the 12-year-old princess captured the attention of many with her beauty and was described as gorgeous, elegant, brave, and cheerful, with a dignified walk. She even danced with the elderly emperor once, who gifted her 600 fathoms (1097.28 metres or 3600 feet) of velvet.

Life in Tyrol (1517–1521)

After the reunion, Anne did not return to Hungary. On 13 March 1516, her father died at the age of 60, leaving a country in financial ruins to his 10-year-old son. In 1517, Anne and her sister-in-law Mary were sent to Innsbruck, County of Tyrol, where they were raised together in the Neuer Burg ("New Castle"). Maximilian rarely visited, but he sent his hunter home to instruct the two girls in the art of hunting. There was emphasis on their abilities to handle weapons and other physical skills. The Humanist education they enjoyed focused on problem-solving skills. They were also instructed in dancing, music, and came in contact with many humanists visited the imperial library there. Innsbruck was also home to a great weapon arsenal and a growing armament industry built by the emperor.

On 15 December 1518, Maximilian I suffered a stroke that left him bedridden, and he died on 12 January 1519, aged 60, and the imperial election started.

Marriage (1521)

Negotiations (January–May 1521)

The Hungarian court wanted Anne to become empress, so they fought for her engagement to the older archduke, Charles. The Austrian side also agreed according to plans by Chancellor Mercurino di Gattinara (1465–1530). However, many European monarchs would have liked to become the new emperor's father-in-law. To keep his options open and avoid angering Manuel I, King of Portugal (1469–1521), Henry VIII, King of England (1491–1547), and Francis I, King of France (1494–1547), Charles had to abandon his original marriage plans, and decided that Anne should marry Ferdinand. He also agreed to giving him the Erblande ("Hereditary Lands"), thus splitting up the Habsburg monarchy. The plans of creating a kingdom from these lands came up again, but never materialised. He also did not give his brother the Kingdom of Naples, as had been suggested in the will of their maternal grandfather Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Following these negotiations, a proxy marriage took place in Innsbruck on 11 December 1520, where Ferdinand was represented by Wilhelm Freiherr von Roggendorff (1481–1541). At the same time, Archduchess Mary also married King Louis by proxy. In May 1521, Archduke Ferdinand arrived in Linz, where he met his bride for the first time. On 26 May, at the age of 18, Anne married Ferdinand, also 18, while Mary travelled to Hungary and married King Louis in December.

Reunion with Louis I and the case of her dower (October 1523)

In October 1523, the couple visited Hungary and met King Louis and Queen Mary in Sopron on the 12th, then on the 15th in Wiener Neustadt, where they were joined on the 16th by Krzysztof Szydłowiecki (1467–1532), the envoy of Sigismund I of Poland, uncle of Anne and Louis. The meeting ended on 24 October with a hunt in Ferdinand's jagdschloss (hunting lodge) in Ebersdorf (today part of Vienna as Kaiserebersdorf). Besides other diplomatic matters, the problem of Anne's unpaid dower and her overall situation in Austria was raised by Hungarian nobles. Szydłowiecki supported her case in the name of King Sigismund, stating that she had always been his dearest niece. The Hungarians said that "it is an unfair situation that the majestic Princess Anne is not allowed to keep Hungarians, Czechs and Poles in her court, whereas the majestic Lady Mary keeps in her court and kitchen Germans, Italians, Spaniards and others, whomever she wishes".

On a meeting on 21 October, a list was created of estates and castles that belonged to Anne. On 22 October, after King Louis himself pressed the matter, Ferdinand responded personally, which he had declined to do previously. He stated that he, new to Austria, found many of his estates and revenues, inclduding several belonging to Anne, to be mortgaged from the time of Maximilian I. Some of these he was actively in the process of recovering, others he would only be able to get back later. He did not dispute the the legitimacy of the request and intended to comply as soon as possible. He also promised to replace those he could not recover with estates of similar value.

Queen of Bohemia and Hungary (1526–1547)

In the disastrous Battle of Mohács against the invading Ottoman Empire on 29 August 1526, nearly the entire Hungarian army was destroyed in less than 2 hours. Most of the military and religious leaders of the country fell, but 20-year-old King Louis escaped. While riding up a steep ravine of the Csele stream, he fell from his horse and could not get up because of the weight of his armour and drowned. As he left no legitimate issue, his brother-in-law Ferdinand immediately offered himself as king to both the Bohemian and the Hungarian parliaments (which were elective monarchies).

On 24 October 1526, the Bohemian Diet elected him king on the condition that he would move to Prague. They also did not grant hereditary rights to him. Ferdinand was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 24 February 1527 and Anne on the 25th. The throne of Hungary, however, was disputed between him and John Zápolya/Szapolyai, Voivode of Transylvania. The latter was proclaimed king on 10 November 1526 in Székesfehérvár, mainly by the lower nobility, and crowned on 11 November.

Ferdinand was proclaimed on 17 December by the barons and the clergy in Pozsony (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia). This decision was accepted by the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) during the 1527 election in Cetin, and on 3 November 1527, Ferdinand was crowned King of Hungary in the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Hungarian: Nagyboldogasszony-bazilika) in Székesfehérvár, followed by the coronation of his wife on the next day. It was an important point emphasised by all that the Hungarian nobility elected Ferdinand, who occupied the throne by this right alone, not because of the decisions of the 1515 First Congress of Vienna or through his wife.

During the Siege of Vienna (1529)

After Ferdinand had defeated Zápolya, he fled the country and gave Hungary to the Ottoman Empire as a vassal state in return for support. Using this, Sultan Suleiman ("Suleiman the Magnificent/the Lawgiver"; 1494–1566) laid siege to Vienna in 1529. Queens Anne and Mary, who had been residing in Linz, fled to Passau by river, taking Anne's four small children, three-year-old Elizabeth (1526–1545), two-year-old Maximilian (1527–1576), one-year-old Anna (1528–1590) and infant Ferdinand (1529–1595) with them. They sought refuge in Bohemia until it was safe to return to Linz, and then were sent to live in Innsbruck.

Role in the Treaty of Nagyvárad (1538)

While preparing the Treaty of Nagyvárad (present-day Oradea, Romania), a secret agreement between Ferdinand and Zápolya, the Zápolya party reached out to Anne for mediation. Franjo Frankopan Cetinski (died 1543) was sent to the queen, and he detailed the sufferings of her homeland with teaty eyes, asking her to "exercise her conciliatory influence on her husband and allow the long feud to be settled by mutual concession". The queen reportedly received them "most graciously", even though she did not usually engage with politics, but then sent an unrelenting response. Eventually, the two kings mutually accepted each other as monarchs of Hungary, John I ruling two-thirds of the country, known today as the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (Hungarian: keleti Magyar Királyság) and Ferdinand I the western parts, known as Royal Hungary.

Death (1547)

Queen Anne of Bohemia and Hungary died of postpartum infections on 27 January 1547 in Prague, 3 days after giving birth to her youngest, 15th child, Archduchess Joanna (1547–1578). She was buried in St. Vitus Cathedral (Czech: Katedrála svatého Víta, Václava a Vojtěcha). His devastated widower mourned her until his own death in 1564, when he was buried next to her. He grew his beard long and ordered a mass to be said every morning for his wife's soul, on which he was always present. He was recommended many new brides over the years, but refused to marry again.

Appreciation and legacy

Ferdinand at first seemed to suffer from a lack of premarital experience, but in the end the marriage proved extremely successful both personally and politically. She was entrusted by her husband with many great responsibilities: during his stay in Brussels, she was appointed regent (German: Statthalterin), and she presided over many diets in Ferdinand's name. She also became famous for her charity, piety, and wisdom.

It is likely that her brother Louis II had an illegitimate son, János Wass by Angelitha Wass, who served both Anne of Foix-Candale and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary as a maid. Anne and Ferdinand took care of their alleged nephew with regular money donations, but never acknowledged him as a relative.

Architecture (Linz and Prague)

Her husband expanded Linz Castle to offer her more security in times of war. Queen Anne's Summer Palace (Czech: Letohrádek královny Anny, also known as Belvedere) in Prague was built for her by Ferdinand on the grounds of Prague Castle starting in 1538, but it was not completed until 1565, long after her death.

Issue

Queen Anne had 15 children from her marriage to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, 13 of whom lived to adulthood.

Ancestry

References

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External links

Media related to Anna of Bohemia and Hungary at Wikimedia Commons

• 1503 births
• 1547 deaths
• Jagiellonian dynasty
• 16th-century Hungarian women
• German queens consort
• Bohemian queens consort
• Hungarian queens consort
• Deaths in childbirth
• Burials at St. Vitus Cathedral