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The Second Siege of Jinju was a battle during 1593 in Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea at Jinju Fort. It occurred from 20 July to 27 July and ended in the massacre of the entire garrison and a substantial portion of the population. The Second Battle of Jinju became the origin of the Uwajima Ushi-oni Festival in Uwajima, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

Background

The Japanese arrived at Jinju on 20 July 1593 with 90,000 troops with reinforcements from Japan. Unlike the First Siege of Jinju, the second siege resulted in a Japanese victory. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was especially determined to take Jinju and ordered that the previous Japanese failure to take the city. Ukita Hideie led 90,000 Japanese troops to take Jinju, making it the largest mobilization of Japanese forces for a single operation in the entire war. The Koreans, not knowing where the Japanese were going, divided their forces with Kim Cheon-il commanding the garrison of 4,000 soldiers at Jinju. The latter was joined by volunteers, guerrillas, and a small Chinese force, making for a force of about 60,000. On 20 July 1593, the Japanese began to construct wooden shields to allow them to advance against the walls. To the west were Konishi Yukinaga with 26,000 men, and to the north were Kato Kiyomasa with 25,000 while Ukita Hideie commanded the reserve of 17,000.

Battle

On 21 July 1593, the Japanese attacked, breaking the dyke that filled the moat around Jinju, while the samurai advanced under their wooden shields, to be stopped by Korean fire arrows, cannonballs, and arquebuses. On 22 July, the Japanese tried again with siege towers but were destroyed by cannon fire. On 23 July, the Japanese attacked with wooden siege towers, which were knocked down by Korean cannon fire. On 24 July, the Japanese now attacked with armored carts called "tortoiseshell wagons," which allowed the Japanese to advance up to the walls, where the sappers would pull out the stones of a section of the outer wall, but as a Japanese account complained: "They tried to attack, but from inside the castle soldiers threw pine torches to set the grass alight. The soldiers inside the tortoise wagons also burned and retreated". On 25 July, under a flag of truce, Ukita sent a messenger to Kim, telling him that the Japanese would slaughter 10,000 Korean peasants whom they had taken prisoner if Jinju did not surrender at once. Still, Kim refused, and so 10,000 Korean peasants were beheaded.

On 27 July, the Japanese attacked the same weakened wall area with the "tortoise shell wagons." Still, a heavy thunderstorm prevented Korean attempts to incinerate the Japanese by dropping torches soaked in fat. With the aid of a rainstorm, the Japanese sappers broke down a section of the wall dislodging its foundations, and a great rush broke out with the samurai pushing each other down as it was a great honor to be the first samurai to enter a fortress. Goto Mototsugu, a retainer of Kuroda Nagamasa, was about to be the first samurai to enter Jinju when Iida Kakbei, a retainer of Kato Kiyomasa, threw the Nichiren flag into the breach to claim that honor for himself. The Korean garrison was out of ammunition and was short of swords, so many Koreans fought with wooden sticks against the surge of samurai armed with katanas.

General Sŏ Yewon engaged in long single combat with a samurai named Okamoto Gonjo, which ended when the wounded General Sŏ lost his breath and fell by a tree. Okamoto took the chance to sever his head with a single blow from his katana. Sŏ's head fell by the Nam River, which as it was a great honor for a samurai to take the head of their enemies. Okamoto ordered a search to find Sŏ's head so that it could be salted and taken back to Japan. The Korean commander, General Kim Cheon-il, committed suicide. The Japanese took no prisoners, killing almost everyone, both military and civilian. The Nam River ran red with blood as thousands attempted to swim across it, only to be cut down by the samurai waiting on the other side. The chronicler of the Kato clan noted: "All the Chinese were terrified of our Japanese blades and jumped into the river, but we pulled them and cut off their heads." Korean accounts mention that almost all of the 60,000 soldiers in Jinju were killed, while Japanese accounts mention the samurai sent 20,000 heads back to Japan after their victory.

The Japanese generals spared the kisaeng (courtesans) of Jinju to press them into service. The Japanese celebrated their victory the same evening at the Ch'oksŏngu Pavilion on a nearby hill, offering the best view of the "hellish scene" below them. One courtesan, Nongae, attracted the attention of a samurai, Keyamura Rokunosuke, whom she lured to a cliff by promising him sex, and then threw both herself and him off the cliff, becoming a national heroine in Korea. Jinju was taken only for symbolic purposes, and instead of advancing, the Japanese force at Jinju retreated to Busan as there was a larger Chinese force to the north. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was well satisfied that he had avenged the defeat of 1592 at Jinju, though Turnbull argued that to lose so many men to take a town only for symbolic reasons was wasteful.

Aftermath

Like after most Japanese victories in largely populated areas, there was a massacre. The Japanese reported more than 20,000 heads taken, more than all the combatants on the Korean side, while Korean records state 60,000 died, essentially the entire population. The Japanese then retreated to Busan.

Citations

1. ^ Turnbull 2008, p. 67.
2. ^ Turnbull 2008, p. 71.
3. Swope 2009, p. 175.
4. Turnbull 2008, p. 68.
5. ^ Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, p. 67
6. ^ Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, p. 68
7. Turnbull 2008, p. 69.
8. Turnbull 2008, p. 70.
9. Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, pp. 69-70
10. Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, p.70
11. ^ Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, p. 71.
12. Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, pp. 71, 74
13. ^ Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, p. 74

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• 1593 in Asia
• Sieges involving Korea
• Conflicts in 1593