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Sindhis

, सिन्धी, سنڌي
Sindhi women in traditional Sindhi dress in Sindh, Pakistan
Total population
c. 47 million (est.)
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan	34,252,262
India	3,810,000
Saudi Arabia	180,980
United Arab Emirates	94,620
United Kingdom	51,015
United States of America	38,760
Afghanistan (Sindhis in Afghanistan)	25,000 (2017)
Canada	20,710
Singapore	12,065
Languages
Sindhi English, Hindi, Urdu (Sanskrit/Arabic as liturgical languages) and numerous other languages widely spoken within the Sindhi diaspora
Religion
Majority: Islam: 80 % Minority: Hinduism: 19.6 %, Sikhism, Jainism, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-Aryan peoples

Sindhis (Template:Lang-sd Perso-Arabic: सिन्धी Devanagari; /ˈsɪndis/) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the provinces of Sindh and Balochistan, in modern-day Pakistan. After the partition of British Indian empire in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the newly independent Dominion of India and other parts of the world. Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim with a smaller Sikh and Hindu minority, whereas Indian Sindhis are predominantly Hindu with a considerable Sikh, Jain and Muslim population.

Sindhi people have been native to Sindh throughout history, apart from that their historical region has always came from the South-eastern side of Balochistan, the Bahawalpur region of Punjab and the Kutch region in now India.

The Sindhi diaspora is growing around the world, especially in the Middle East, owing to better employment opportunities.

History

Pre-historic period

The Indus River, also known as "Sindhu Darya" natively, has been the lifeline of the Sindhi people for millennia; since prehistory this river enabled farming and other aspects of their livelihood.

It is believed that the Indus Valley civilization went into decline around the year 1700 BC for reasons that are not entirely known, though its downfall was probably precipitated by an earthquake or natural event that dried the climate.

Historical period

For several centuries in the first millennium B.C. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek and Kushan rule, first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans, before the Islamic invasions between the 7th–10th century AD. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire.

The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BC – 489 AD.

Medieval period

Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam after 720 AD. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu and Buddhist. After 632 AD, it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids. Habbari, Soomra, Samma, Kalhora dynasties ruled Sindh.

Baloch migrations in the region between 14th-18th centuries and many Baloch dynasties saw a high Iranic mixture into Sindhis.

Modern period

British Rule

The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin).

The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.

The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency. The distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.

Post-colonial era

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.

Ethnicity and religion

Part of a series on
Sindhis
Identity Folklore Language Dialects Sindh Sindhis Nationalism State Sindhology
History Indus Valley Civilisation Rai dynasty Chacha dynasty Arab Sindh Soomra-Samma rule Talpurs British rule Current Era
DiasporaAsia Sindhis in India Sindhis in Sri Lanka Europe Sindhi British Sindhi Gibraltarians North America Sindhi Americans Sindhi Canadians Oceania Sindhi Australians
Culture Clothing Shawl Hat Day Cuisine Dance Poetry Literature Music Festivals Religion Television Cinema
Regions Sindh Thar Desert Siwistan
Sindh portal
v t e

The two main tribes of Sindh are the Soomro — descendants of the Soomro Dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 A.D. — and the Samma — descendants of the Samma Dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 A.D. These tribes belong to the same bloodline. Among other Sindhi Rajputs are the Bhuttos, Kambohs, Bhattis, Bhanbhros, Mahendros, Buriros, Bhachos, Chohans, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chhachhar/Chachar, Dhareja, Rathores, Dakhan, Langah, Junejo, Mahars etc. One of the oldest Sindhi tribe is the Charan. The Sindhi-Sipahi of Rajasthan and the Sandhai Muslims of Gujarat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are the Jats of Sindh, who are found mainly in the Indus delta region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity.

Sindhi Hindus

Hinduism along with Buddhism was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest. The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism dominated, but also noted that it was declining. While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after Arab conquest mainly due to conversion of almost entire Buddhist population to Islam, Hinduism managed to survive through the Muslim rule until before the partition of India as a significant minority. Derryl Maclean explains what he calls "the persistence of Hinduism" on the basis of "the radical dissimilarity between the socio-economic bases of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sind" : Buddhism in this region was mainly urban and mercantile while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile, thus the Arabs, themselves urban and mercantile, attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, only interested by the taxes, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed Brahmins for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule.

According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8% of the total population of Sindh province. Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. Hyderabad is the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there. The ratio of Hindus was higher before the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

Before 1947 however, other than a few Gujarati speaking Parsees (Zorastrians) living in Karachi, virtually all the inhabitants were Sindhis, whether Muslim or Hindu at the time of Pakistan's independence, 75% of the population were Muslims and almost all the remaining 25% were Hindus.

Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the Partition of India in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to Ahmad Hassan Dani. In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. According to the 1941 Census of India, Hindus formed around 74% of the population of Hyderabad, 70% of Sukkur, 65% of Shikarpur and about half of Karachi. By the 1951 census, all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.

The Cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. In 1941, for example, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population.

Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. Thari (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.

Sindhi Muslims

The connection between the Indus Valley and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Muslims during the Caliphate of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported Ali, and died in the Battle of the Camel alongside Sindhi Jats. He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama:

(Template:Lang-ar "Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are true of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".

During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam. Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day Quetta) in the year 658. Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi in 660AD, near Damascus.

In 712 A.D., Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the "Arabian gateway" into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam).

Sindh produced many Muslim scholars early on, "men whose influence extended to Iraq where the people thought highly of their learning", in particular in hadith, with the likes of poet Abu al- 'Ata Sindhi (d. 159) or hadith and fiqh scholar Abu Mashar Sindhi (d. 160), among many others, and they're also those who translated scientific texts from Sanskrit into Arabic, for instance, the Zij al-Sindhind in astronomy.

The majority of Muslim Sindhis follow the Sunni Hanafi fiqh with a minority being Shia Ithna 'ashariyah. Sufism has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous Sufi shrines which dot the landscape of Sindh.

Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the popular cultural icons are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.

• Grand mausoleum of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai built by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro on 1762.
• Interior of the Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta, built during the rule of the Mughal Empire.
• Abdul-Majid Bhurgri is pioneer of Sindhi computing

Tribes

Emigration

The Sindhi diaspora is significant. Emigration from the Sindh began before and after the 19th century, with many Sindhis settling in Europe as well as Middle Eastern states such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.

Culture

Cuisine

Sindhi cuisines involves a lot of foods such as the "Bhee ji bhaji" (Lotus Root) which is famous among Sindhi people and they usually eat it on various celebrations.

Along with that the Sindhi people also eat a traditional cuisine called "Seero" which is enjoyed by people in both mainland Sindh and the diaspora which reminds them of their native origins.

Culture Day

Sindhi Cultural Day (Sindhi: سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو) is a popular Sindhi cultural festival. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday. It's widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world. Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.

Sindhi cultural day is celebrated worldwide on the first Sunday of December. On this occasion, people wear attires, Ajrak (traditional block printed shawl) and Sindhi Topi. During the festival, people gather in all major cities of Sindh at press clubs, and other places to arrange various activities. Literary (poetic) gatherings, mach katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies are held. Major hallmarks of cities and towns are decorated with Sindhi Ajrak. People across Sindh exchange gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies. The children and women dress up in Ajrak, assembling at the grand gathering, where famous Sindhi singers sing Sindhi songs, which depicts the message of Sindh peace and love. The musical performances of the artists compel the participants to dance to Sindhi tunes and the national song, sung by Ahmed Mughal (Brother of Late Rehman Mughal) ‘Hea Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean Sindhi Topi Ajrak Wara Jean’.

All political, social and religious organizations of Sindh, besides the Sindh Culture Department and administrations of various schools, colleges and universities, organize a variety of events including seminars, debates, folk music programs, drama and theatric performances, tableaus and literary sittings to mark this annual festivity. On Sindhi culture day, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.

Part of a series on
Sindhis
Identity Folklore Language Dialects Sindh Sindhis Nationalism State Sindhology
History Indus Valley Civilisation Rai dynasty Chacha dynasty Arab Sindh Soomra-Samma rule Talpurs British rule Current Era
DiasporaAsia Sindhis in India Sindhis in Sri Lanka Europe Sindhi British Sindhi Gibraltarians North America Sindhi Americans Sindhi Canadians Oceania Sindhi Australians
Culture Clothing Shawl Hat Day Cuisine Dance Poetry Literature Music Festivals Religion Television Cinema
Regions Sindh Thar Desert Siwistan
Sindh portal
v t e

Notable people

• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, ninth prime minister of Pakistan
• Abdul Majid Bhurgri, Sindhi computer scientist
• Fahad Mustafa, Sindhi actor in Lollywood
• Shah Abdul Latif Bhitati, Sindhi Sufi saint of 18th century
• Abida Parveen, notable Sufi musician

See also

• Cheti Chand
• Nanakpanthi
• Guru Nanak Jayanti
• Sindhudesh
• Sindhi nationalism
• Sindhis in India
• Sindhi Hindus
• Hinduism in Sindh Province
• Sindhi Sikhs
• Sandhai Muslims
• List of Sindhi people
• Ulhasnagar
• Sindhi names
• Sindhi Pathan
• Sindhi Baloch
• Sindhi bhagat
• Sindhi Memon
• Sammat
• Sandhai Muslims
• Sindhi language media in Pakistan
• Sindhi-language media
• List of Sindhi-language newspapers
• Sindhi Language Authority
• Sindhi Adabi Board
• Sindhi Adabi Sangat
• Sindhi folk tales
• Sindhi folklore
• Sindhi music
• List of Sindhi singers
• Sindhi music videos
• Sindhi poetry
• Tomb paintings of Sindh
• List of Sindhi singers
• List of Sindhi festivals
• Sindhi culture
• Sindhi biryani
• Sindhi Camp
• Sindhi cap
• Sindhi Cultural Day
• Sindhi cinema
• Sindhi colony
• Sindhi cuisine
• Sindhi High School, Hebbal
• Romanisation of Sindhi

Notes

1. Includes people who speak the Sindhi and Kutchi languages. Ethnic Sindhis who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.

References

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7. "Explore Census Data". Archived from the original on 26 November 2020.
8. "Opinion: Sindhi beyond the borders". Afghanistan Times. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
9. "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". 8 February 2017.
10. "Sindhis". Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
11. Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A.; Ramasamy, P. (1 January 2008). Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307996 – via Google Books.
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13. ^ Butt, Rakhio (1998). Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics. ISBN 9789694050508. Retrieved 13 August 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
14. ^ Ahmed, Ashfaq (7 December 2021). "Indian and Pakistani Sindhi expats together celebrate Sindhi Cultural Day with fanfare in Dubai". Retrieved 22 July 2022.
15. Kessler, P L. "Kingdoms of South Asia – Kingdoms of the Indus / Sindh". www.historyfiles.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
16. Nicholas F. Gier, FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES, presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006
17. ^ Roger D. Long; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad; Ian Talbot (8 October 2015), State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security, Routledge, pp. 102–, ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4
18. Priya Kumar & Rita Kothari (2016) Sindh, 1947 and Beyond, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 39:4, 776-777, DOI: 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752
19. Kamphorst, Janet (2008). In praise of death: history and poetry in medieval Marwar (South Asia). Leiden: Leiden University Press. ISBN 978-90-485-0603-3. OCLC 614596834.
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21. ^ MacLean, Derryl L. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. pp. 12–14, 77–78. ISBN 978-90-040-8551-0.
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25. The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994, by Mehtab Ali Shah, published in 1997 by I B Tauris and Co Ltd, London PAGE 46
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28. Proceedings of the First Congress of Pakistan History & Culture held at the University of Islamabad, April 1973, Volume 1, University of Islamabad Press, 1975
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31. Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900).
32. Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).
33. Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
34. Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, Brill, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
35. Mazheruddin Siddiqui, "Muslim culture in Pakistan and India" in Kenneth W. Morgan, Islam, the Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1987, p. 299
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37. Ansari, Sarah FD. Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947. No. 50. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
38. Subedy, Pragya (9 July 2021). "Bhee Ji Tikki: This Sindhi Snack". NDTV. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
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48. Hasan, Shazia (14 May 2022). "Showcasing local cultures, Sindh Craft Festival gets under way". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
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Sources

• Bherumal Mahirchand Advani, "Amilan-jo-Ahwal" – published in Sindhi, 1919
• Amilan-jo-Ahwal (1919) – translated into English in 2016 ("A History of the Amils") at sindhis

External links

• Virtual Home of Global Sindhi Community Everything about Sindhis

• SabSindhi-All About Sindhis, Music, Books, Magazines, People, Dictionary, Calendar, Keyboard
• Sindhi Sangat: promoting & preserving the Sindhi heritage, culture and language.
• Sindhi Jagat: All India Sindhi Consolidating Centre.
• Sindhi Surnames Origin – Trace your roots
• www.thesindhi.com
• www.worldsindhicongress.org
• Sindhi Association of North America
• Sindhi Association of Europe

v t e Province of Sindh topics
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Government and politics	Provincial Assembly Chief Minister Governor Sindh Archives Commissioners of Sind Bhutto family Sindh Police Sindh High Court Sindh Information Department Sindh Coastal Development Authority Economy
Culture	Sindh workies Ajrak Sindhi cap Sindhi Cultural Day Sindhis (List) Sindhi diaspora Sindhi nationalism Sindhi language Sindhi literature Sindhi Adabi Board Sindhology Sindhi poetry (Sindhi poets) Sindhi folklore Sindhi folk tales Sindhi bhagat Sassui Punnhun Sindhi music Sindhi cuisine Sindhi cinema List of Sindhi-language films Sindhi media Sindhi tribes List of Sindhi Hindu festivals Cheti Chand
Geography	List of cities Districts List of talukas Climate (Karachi Hyderabad Nawabshah) Fauna Historical places Indus River Makran
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Sindhi websites	Sindhi Misplaced Pages Encyclopedia Sindhiana
Sindh tourism	Sindh Tourism Development Corporation

v t e Sindhi nationalism
Active since 1972
Historical States of Sindh	Sindhu kingdom Sind Province (1936–55) Sind Division
Historic figures	Rai Diwa Rai Sahiras (Shri Harsha) Rai Sahasi (Sinhasena) Rai Sahiras II Rai Sahasi II Chach of Aror Chandar Agham Lohana Dahir of Aror Jam Unar Jam Tamachi Jam Raidhan Jam Sanjar Sultans of Sindh Jam Nizamuddin II Jam Feroz Noor Mohammad Kalhoro Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro Gernal Hosh Mohammad Sheedi Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi Abdullah Shah Ghazi Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III Dollah Darya Khan Shah_Inayat_Shaheed Makhdoom Bilawal Mir Nasir Khan Talpur Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur
Modern figures	G. M. Syed Rasul Bux Palejo Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Ayaz Latif Palijo Baba-e-Sindh Comrade Hyder Bux Jatoi Bashir Qureshi Qadir Magsi Shafi Muhammad Burfat Abdul Wahid Aresar Muzafar Bhutto Sajjad Shar Mumtaz Bhutto Safdar Sarki Zarina Baloch Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo Benazir Bhutto Zulfiqar Shah
Culture	Sindhis Sindhi language Culture of Sindh Ajrak Sindhi cap Sindh Culture Day Sindhi tribes Malakhra Sassui Punnhun Sindhudesh
Poets	Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Sachal Sarmast Tajal Bewas Shaikh Ayaz Sami
Contemporary controversies	Sindhudesh Kalabagh Dam Human rights abuses in Sindh
Battles and conflicts	Battle of Rasil Debal Battle of Fatehpur (1519) Battle of Hyderabad Battle of Miani Battle of Halani Battle of Kachhi Insurgency in Sindh
Political parties	Awami Tahreek Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party Sindh United Party Sindh Hari Committee
Student organizations	Jeay Sindh Students' Federation
Militant Organizations	Sindhudesh Liberation Army
Non profit organizations	World Sindhi Congress World Sindhi Institute

• Sindhi people
• Sindhi tribes
• Ethnic groups in Pakistan
• Ethnic groups in India
• Indo-Aryan peoples