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A compulsory cartel or forced cartel is a cartel that is established or maintained by an administrative order or by a legal directive. The interference of policies on these associations of entrepreneurs of the same trade varied. It ranged from a mere decision to establish a cartel or to maintain an existing one, to a strict state control.

Disagreement over the nature of compulsory cartels

The understanding of “compulsory cartels” as “cartels” has always been disputed. While the older cartel experts before the 1930s usually insisted in the free entrepreneurial will that constituted a “cartel”, later authors were more tolerant and accepted forced cartels as an exception. In recent times (2007), the economic-historian Jeffrey R. Fear took this stance of the “exception to the rule” that would not contradict the general nature of these organizations. The cartel-historian Holm Arno Leonhardt has positioned himself more differentiated in 2013: Forced cartels that were embedded in a totalitarian planning economy or were by other means unable to realize their own will, should be regarded as organs or appendages of another system. Thus, “compulsory cartels” without a permanent political influence could indeed constitute real “cartels”, while others being under strict control acted mainly as servants of an alien will.

Types of compulsory cartels

An important type of compulsory cartels are those whereby absolute, exclusionary rule is established by concentrating the means of production or the distribution of goods and services in a market segment into the hands of the cartel] where the cartel agreement directly or indirectly caused by the economic interventionism. For example a directly enforced cartel of workers is created when a minimum wage is established by law, which eliminates the market economy only to workers with a productivity below the minim wage. There are also cartels that eliminate the market economy for a segment of market goods or services. An example is the corona vaccination program in The Netherlands. The government may sets a mandatory basic health care 'insurance' policy implementing a Marxist egalitarian distribution of medical goods and services according to a necessity scheme. An example is the British NHS. But a market economy in healthcare was maintained that implicitly makes the patients to renounce NHS health care, when contracting for private health care. No market economy for basic health care insurances and basic medical goods and services was left in the , which is a form of welfare-state capitalism, where the insurance companies are privately owned and receive enormous amounts of tax money from the government. In this care a second compulsory cartel of health care providers is created that are subject to a cartel agreement negotiated between the insurance companies and the health care providers. In this case the cartel agreement was the result of economic interventionism and set by the insurance cartel instead of the government. This agreement resulted in the elimination of a market economy in health care goods and services, i.e patients cannot buy health care, a form of economic totalitarianism in a market segment.

'Economic totalitarianism' is a term used by Milton Friedman in Capitalism and Freedom:

History suggests only that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom. Clearly it is not a sufficient condition. Fascist Italy and Fascist Spain, Germany at various times in the last seventy years, Japan before World Wars I and II, tzarist Russia in the decades before World War I -- are all societies that cannot conceivably be described as politically free. Yet, in each, private enterprise was the dominant form of economic organization. It is therefore clearly possible to have economic arrangements that are fundamentally capitalist and political arrangements that are not free. Even in those societies, the citizenry had a good deal more freedom than citizens of a modern totalitarian state like Russia or Nazi Germany, in which economic totalitarianism is combined with political totalitarianism. Even in Russia under the Tzars, it was possible for some citizens, under some circumstances, to change their jobs without getting permission from political authority because capitalism and the existence of private property provided some check to the centralized power of the state. - Friedman, 1962

References

• Capitalism and Freedom p10ff, Milton Friedman (Phoenix Press, 1962)

Examples

• German potash syndicate: This was since 1919 a public-law body and was integrated into a control structure with its customers, laborers, traders and instances of administration.
• Japanese steel cartel of the 1930s.
• Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate, Northwest Germany: This too was since 1919 a public body and integrated into a similar control structure as the German potash syndicate.
• Russian sugar syndicate of the 1890s.

Bibliography

• Fear, Jeffrey R.: Cartels. In: Geoffrey Jones; Jonathan Zeitlin (ed.): The Oxford handbook of business history. Oxford: Univ. Press, 2007, p. 268-293.
• Leonhardt, Holm Arno: Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013.
• Korrell, Emil: Zwangskartelle als Mittel gegen ruinöse Konkurrenz. Forchheim 1937.
• Liefmann, Robert: Cartels, Concerns and Trusts, Ontario 2001

References

1. Holm A. Leonhardt: Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013, p. 144-145.
2. Holm A. Leonhardt: Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013, p. 146-155.
3. Jeffrey R. Fear: Cartels. In: Geoffrey Jones; Jonathan Zeitlin (ed.): The Oxford handbook of business history. Oxford: Univ. Press, 2007, p. 271.
4. Holm A. Leonhardt: Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013, p. 164-165.
5. Liefmann, Robert: Cartels, Concerns and Trusts, Ontario 2001 , p. 267.
6. Hausleiter, Leo (1932): Revolution der Weltwirtschaft. München, p. 200.
7. Liefmann, Robert: Cartels, Concerns and Trusts, Ontario 2001 , p. 268.

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