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The Kurdish chiefdoms or principalities were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran. The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other. The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah Safi and the Ottoman caliph Sultan Murad IV in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.
The eyalet of Diyarbakir was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of Diyarbakir.
Policy during the Ottoman-Persian wars
The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the Ottoman-Persian wars, to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the Treaty of Erzurum in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish Chiefdoms under direct control.
List
Northern Kurdistan
| Beylik's name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
|---|---|---|
| Principality of Bohtan | Cizre | early 8th century–1847 |
| Principality of Eğil | Eğil | 1049–1864 |
| Principality of Bitlis | Bitlis | 1187–1847 |
| Emirate of Çemişgezek | Çemişgezek | 13th century–1663 |
| Emirate of Hasankeyf | Hasankeyf | 1232–1524 |
| Emirate of Hâkkari | Hâkkari | before 1380s–1847 |
| Principality of Zirqan | Mardin, later Gürdükan, finally Ataq | 1335–1835 |
| Principality of Suleyman | – | 15th century–1838 |
| Principality of Mahmudi | – | 1406–1839 |
| Emirate of Pazooka | Eleşkirt | 1499–1587 |
| Emirate of Miks | Bahçesaray | ?–1846 |
| Emirate of Kilis | Kilis | – |
| Emirate of Şirvan | Şirvan | ?–1840s |
| Emirate of Palu | Palu | 1495–1850 |
See also
- Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
- List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
- Ayyubids
- Shaddadids
- Islamic Emirate of Byara
- Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
- Mount Lebanon Emirate
Notes
- ^ KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII) Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ..., p. 49, at Google Books By Hakan Özoğlu
- "The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800)". The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. 2017. pp. 64–92. doi:10.1017/9781316848579.005. ISBN 9781107181236.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf
References
- Evli̇ya Çelebi̇ in Diyarbekir: the relevant section of The seyahatname, p. 19, at Google Books By Evli̇ya Çelebi̇, Martin van Bruinessen, Hendrik Boeschoten