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Horomos Monastery
Actual state of the monastery
Religion
AffiliationArmenian Apostolic Church
Statusruined
Location
Locationnear Ani
Horomos is located in TurkeyHoromosShown within Turkey
Geographic coordinates40°31′11″N 43°37′45″E / 40.519689°N 43.629158°E / 40.519689; 43.629158
Architecture
Architect(s)Hovhannes
StyleArmenian
Completed10th-13th century

Horomos (Template:Lang-hy), also known as Horomosivank or Ghoshavank, is an abandoned and ruined medieval Armenian monastic complex about 15 kilometers northeast of the ruins of Ani (the capital of Bagratid Armenia) in present-day eastern Turkey. With its collection of churches, chapels and tombs, Horomos has been described as one of the most significant spiritual and cultural religious centers in medieval Armenia and one of the largest in all the Christian East.

History

Horomos was founded by a group of Armenian monks around 931-36, during the reign of King Abas I Bagratuni (r. ca. 929-953). The monastic complex was enlarged over time and came to include the individual churches of Sts. John, Minas, and George, a series of large halls (gavits), a triumphal arch, and various smaller chapels and mausolea.

Zamatun (1038)

The first known instance of a zamatun or gavit in Armenia, an architectural element built in front of the church for gathering purposes, is from the Horomos Monastery, and is dated to 1038, and was built by King Yovhannēs-Smbat, son of Gagik I of Armenia. It was already called "žamatun" per the 1038 dedicatory inscription:

In the year of the Armenians 487 (ie 1038), I, the šahanšah Yovannēs, son of the šahanšah Gagik, gave my vineyard located in Kołb to this church of mine, Surb-Yovannēs, which I have built in this monastery of Hoṙomos, along with this žamatun...

— Dedicatory inscription of the gavit at Horomos.

Mausoleum of Aruits (1277)

A mausoleum in Seljuk style called the "Mausoleum of Aruits" is located south of the church and its gavit, among a group of three buildings. The roof is supported by a pair of parallel arches, converging to a vault with muqarnas decoration and an open oculus. It is braodly similar in style to the Seljuk gavit of the Church of the Holy Apostles at Ani, but is dated to 1277 according to a dedicatory inscription.

Manuscripts

The monastry was active in the creation of manuscripts. The famous Haghpat Gospel created in Horomos in 1211, and then put under the custody of the Haghpat Monastery. Jesus is actually shown entering the gates of Horomos Monastery.

"Entry into Jerusalem", Haghpat Gospel created in Horomos in 1211. Jesus is actually shown entering the gates of Horomos Monastery.Canon tables from the Haghbat Gospels, created in Horomos and soon after given to the Haghpat Monastery; 1211 (Matendaran, MS 6288, fols. 8v–9r). Individuals in traditional Armenian dress appear to the left.

The monastery continued to function after the fall of Ani, but appears to have been temporary abandoned in the early 17th century and then reoccupied and repaired in 1685. It continued to operate as a monastery until it was finally abandoned due to the Armenian Genocide.

Some time after 1965, the Monastery of Horomos was partly destroyed, most likely as part of the Turkish government's policy of cultural genocide. A tomb believed to belong to King Ashot III (953-977) which had survived at least up to 1920 is now nowhere to be found. Some buildings have entirely vanished, and most of the surviving walls have been stripped of their facing masonry. The dome of the Church of the St. John collapsed in the 1970s. The site lies next to the Armenian border and gaining permission to visit the monastery is all but impossible (2003).

Old photos

  • East side of the church of St. John at Horomos; early 20th century photograph East side of the church of St. John at Horomos; early 20th century photograph

Actual state

References

  1. Edda Vartanyan (ed.), "Horomos Monastery, Art and History", 2015. Pages 17 and 55.
  2. (in French) Thierry, Jean Michel (1980). Le couvent armenien d'Horomos. Leuven: Peeters, p. 1.
  3. Ghazarian, Armen; Ousterhout, Robert (2001). "A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia and the Use of Architectural Drawings during the Middle Ages". Muqarnas. 18: 145–146. doi:10.2307/1523305. ISSN 0732-2992.
  4. ^ Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz: 207.
  5. Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz: 210.
  6. Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz: 207-210.
  7. "Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI -The Monastery of Horomos, Part Two". virtualani.org. The third building in the group served as an ante-chamber for the other two. It was known as the Mausoleum of Aruits, and was built in 1277 according to an inscription. Architecturally, it differs radically from all the other buildings at Horomos, and from any surviving structure at Ani with the exception of the hall of the Holy Apostles church. The roof is supported on pairs of parallel arches that rise at right angles from the walls to intersect above the middle of the room. The intersection of these arches forms a square ceiling compartment that is roofed with a honeycomb vault topped by an oculus.
  8. Maranci, Christina (14 September 2018). The Art of Armenia: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-093588-7.
  9. Baumer, Christoph (5 October 2023). History of the Caucasus: Volume 2: In the Shadow of Great Powers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7556-3630-3.
  10. Maranci, Christina (14 September 2018). The Art of Armenia: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-093588-7.
  11. Baumer, Christoph (5 October 2023). History of the Caucasus: Volume 2: In the Shadow of Great Powers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7556-3630-3.
  12. Eastmond, Antony (1 January 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–53. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.003. Reflect contemporary fashion, with its sharbushes (the high, peaked hats) and bright kaftans." "Note:51 Executed at the monastery of Horomos in 1211, but given to the monastery at Haghbat soon after.
  13. Eastmond, Antony (2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316711774. ISBN 9781316711774.
  14. Edda Vartanyan (ed.), "Horomos Monastery, Art and History", 2015. Pages 49 and 52.
  15. Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen, "In the Cemetery of their Ancestors: The Royal Burial Tombs of the Bagratuni Kings of Greater Armenia (890-1073/79)", Revue des Études Arméniennes 35 (2013), pp. 164-66.
  16. "Destruction of Horomos Monastery". Asbarez. 27 August 2003. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  17. ^ Kazaryan, Armen (2 May 2022). "The Zhamatun of Horomos: The Shaping of an Unprecedented Type of Fore-church Hall" (PDF). Journal für Kunst- und Bildgeschichte: 1–14. doi:10.48633/ksttx.2014.3.88328.

Further reading

  • Kazaryan, Armen. The Zhamatun of Horomos: The Shaping of an Unprecedented Type of Fore-church Hall, in: kunsttexte.de, Nr. 3, 2014
  • (in French) Baladian, Ani and Jean Michel Thierry (eds.) with a contribution by J. P. Mahé (2002), Le couvent de Horomos d'après les archives de Toros Toramanian. Paris: Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres.
  • Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen (2013), "In the Cemetery of their Ancestors: The Royal Burial Tombs of the Bagratuni Kings of Greater Armenia (890-1073/79)", Revue des Études Arméniennes 35, pp. 131–202.
  • Sinclair, Thomas A. (1987). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey. London: Pindar Press, vol. 1.
  • (in French) Thierry, Jean Michel (1980). Le couvent armenien d'Horomos. Leuven: Peeters.

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