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Human rights in Zimbabwe

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According to human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter, food, freedom of movement and residence, freedom of assembly and the protection of the law. There are assaults on the media, the political opposition, civil society activists, and human rights defenders.

Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of brutal attacks by the police force, such as the crackdown on a March 11 2007 Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) rally. In the events, party leader Morgan Tsvangirai and 49 other opposition activists were arrested and severely beaten by the police. After his release, Morgan Tsvangirai told the BBC that he suffered head injuries and blows to the arms, knees and back, and that he lost a significant amount of blood. The police action was strongly condemned by the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, the European Union and the United States. While noting that the activists had suffered injuries, but not mentioning the cause of them, the Zimbabwean government-controlled daily newspaper The Herald claimed the police had intervened after demonstrators "ran amok looting shops, destroying property, mugging civilians, and assaulting police officers and innocent members of the public". The newspaper also argued that the opposition had been "wilfully violating the ban on political rallies".

Personal freedom

There is a widespread consensus among human rights organizations that systematic violations of the right of personal freedom and integrity are frequent in Zimbabwe, especially towards suspected members of the political opposition. The violations are perpetrated by government supporters as well as law enforcement agencies, and incude assaults, torture, death threats, kidnappings and unlawful arrests and detentions.

The law enforcement agencies are a major source of human rights abuses in Zimbabwe. According to Human Rights Watch, there is a rising incidence of cases when police have assaulted and tortured opposition supporters and civil society activists. One example is the arrest and subsequent beatings of a group of trade union activists at Matapi police station, following protests on September 13 2006. The unionists were initially denied medical and juridical assistance. Another similar case is the arrest of student activist leader Promise Mkwanazi on May 29 2006. Mkwanazi was detained at a police station in Bindura for five days without charge. During this time he was repeatedly stripped, shackled and beaten with batons by policemen, accusing him of trying to overthrow the government.

From 2001 to September 2006, the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum has recorded over 1 200 cases of human rights violations by the law enforcement agencies, including 363 cases of torture, 516 cases of assault, 58 cases of death threats, 399 cases of unlawful arrest and 451 cases of unlawful detention. Many of these incidents include multiple victims. The organization finds that the law enforcement agencies are encouraged to perpetrate abuses by statements made by high-ranking members of the ruling party ZANU-PF.

Operation Murambatsvina

In May 2005 the government of Zimbabwe embarked on Operation Murambatsvina, a programme of mass forced evictions and demolition of homes and informal businesses in poor urban areas. According to eyewitnesses some people were beaten by the police and in the turmoil several people allegedly lost their life. Examining the result of the operation, Anna Tibaijuka, the UN Special Envoy on Human Settlement Issues in Zimbabwe, reported that some 700 000 people had lost their homes, their livelihoods or both, and that a further 2.4 million people had been affected in varying degrees, stating that the operation "was carried out in an indiscriminate and unjustified manner, with indifference to human suffering, and, in repeated cases, with disregard to several provisions of national and international legal frameworks". The report concluded that the operation violated several key human rights, including the right to life, property and freedom of movement.

Respect for civil liberties

Freedom of assembly

In Zimbabwe, freedom of assembly is severely restricted by law. The legal framework is further stretched in practice, with law enforcement closely monitoring opposition demonstrations and public gatherings. There are many reports of the arrest and subsequent beating of demonstrators. According to the Human Rights Watch report "You Will Be Thoroughly Beaten": The Brutal Suppression of Dissent in Zimbabwe, laws such as the Public Order and Security Act (POSA) and the Miscellaneous Offences Act (MOA) are used to violently disrupt peaceful demonstrations and justify the arrest of civil society activists. In some cases, the activists are held for more than the legally allowed limit, often without charge.

Freedom of the press

In its 2006 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House finds that Zimbabwe's already very poor freedom of expression and freedom of the press has deteriorated still further. The 2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) requires journalists and media companies to register with the government-controlled Media and Information Commission (MIC) and gives the government powers to deny people to work as journalists. An amendment enacted in 2005 introduced prison sentences of up to two years for journalists working without accreditation. Oppositional and independent newspapers have been ordered to close by the authorities, and journalists are intimidated, arrested, and prosecuted, with the support of laws criminalizing the publication of "inaccurate" information. Foreign journalists are regularly denied visas, and local correspondents for foreign publications have been refused accreditation and threatened with deportation. The state controls all broadcast media as well as major dailies such as The Chronicle and The Herald. The coverage is dominated by favorable portrayals of Robert Mugabe and the ZANU-PF party and attacks on government critics. According to Freedom House, the government also monitors e-mail content.

According to the U.S. State Department, a local NGO has quoted State Security Minister Didymus Mutasa as stating the authorities would "not relent in their determination to hound into extinction the country's few remaining alternative sources of information."

Political freedom

While some African election observers deemed the 2005 parliamentary election reflective of the will of the people, the general consensus is that these and prior elections in Zimbabwe have not been free and fair, with widespread electoral fraud. Candidates and supporters of the opposition party, MDC, have been restricted from campaigning openly in some areas, and have faced harassment, violence and intimidation. Government food stocks have been offered to voters in exchange for their votes. The media coverage has been strongly biased in favour of ZANU-PF. On election day, many potential voters, particularly in constituencies dominated by the opposition, were turned away. The main reason for this was that they tried to vote in the wrong constituency due to inadequately publicized redistricting. Election observers also noted voter intimidation at polling stations. In one incident, police took no action when a ZANU-PF candidate threatened to shoot MDC polling agents. Vote reporting discrepancies heavily favoring the ruling party suggest that tolls were manipulated.

Discrimination

Discrimination against women

Women are disadvantaged in Zimbabwe, with economic dependency and social norms preventing them from combating sex discrimination. Despite legal prohibitions, customs such as forced marriage are still in place. Domestic violence against women is a serious problem. While labor legislation prohibits sexual harassment in the workplace, such harassment is common and generally not prosecuted. While the law recognizes women’s right to property, inheritance and divorce, many women lack awareness of their rights.

Discrimination against persons with disabilities

While government buildings by law are required to be accessible to persons with disabilities, implementation has been slow. Persons with disabilities also face severe societal discrimination, since traditional belief view them as bewitched.

Persecution against LGBT people

President Mugabe has criticized homosexuals, attributing Africa's ills to them. Common law prevents homosexual men, and to a lesser extent homosexual women, from fully expressing their sexual orientation. In some cases it also criminalizes the display of affection between men. The criminal code has been amended to define sodomy to include "any act involving physical contact between males that would be regarded by a reasonable person to be an indecent act."

Government response

The government of Zimbabwe has generally responded to accusations of human rights violations from Western countries by counter-accusals of colonial attitudes and hypocrisy, claiming that countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States are guilty of similar or worse transgressions, for example in the Iraq War.

In a speech at the inaugural session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva on June 21 2006, Zimbabwe's Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, Patrick Chinamasa, assured that Zimbabwe would "respect the human rights of all its people". However, he accused "developed countries" of funding local NGOs with the goal of "undermining our sovereignty, creating and sustaining local opposition groups that have no local support base, and promoting disaffection and hostility among the local population against their popularly elected government".

Notes

  1. BBC (2007-03-14). "Unbowed Tsvangirai urges defiance". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  2. The Herald, Zimbabwe (2007-03-14). "Opposition protesters' case not heard". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  3. The Herald, Zimbabwe (2007-03-14). "Violence flares in Glen View". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  4. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 2007: Zimbabwe". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  5. Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. "Who guards the guards? Violations by Law Enforcement Agencies in Zimbabwe, 2000 to 2006" (pdf). pp. page 48. Retrieved 2007-03-14. {{cite web}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  6. UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe Mrs. Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka. "Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina" (pdf). Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  7. Human Rights Watch. ""You Will Be Thoroughly Beaten": The Brutal Suppression of Dissent in Zimbabwe". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  8. ^ Freedom House. "Zimbabwe: 2006 Country Report". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  9. ^ U.S. Department of State. "Zimbabwe Country Report on Human Rights Practices - 2006". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  10. Permanent Mission of the Republic of Zimbabwe to the United Nations. "Statement by the honorable minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs of Zimbabwe, Mr Patrick A Chinamasa (MP) at the inaugural session of the Human Rights Council, Geneva : 19-22 June 2006" (pdf). Retrieved 2007-03-14.

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