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The Chinook Indian Nation is an unrecognized tribe in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington that was federally recognized from 2001 to 2002.
History
The Chinookan peoples historically lived along the Columbia River and on the Pacific Ocean near the river's mouth. The westernmost Chinookan tribes, the Lower Chinook, Clatsop, Willapa, Wahkiakum, and Kathlamet tribes, comprise the Chinook Indian Nation. The Chinook Indian Nation includes one of the largest populations with Clatsop ancestry.
The Chinooks negotiated federal recognition with the 1851 Tansy Point Treaty, which was signed but not ratified by Congress, as well as a failed 1855 treaty at Chehalis River. An 1873 executive order by Ulysses S. Grant granted allotments of the Quinault Indian Reservation to "fish-eating Indians", including the Chinook. The Chinooks sued to receive allotments in 1926 and won the 1928 court case Halbert v. United States, which was upheld in 1931 by the Ninth Circuit Court. They received their first allotment in 1933. The nation continued to advocate for recognition by maintaining enrollment lists and holding monthly council meetings.
Bill Clinton signed an executive order granting recognition to the Chinook Indian Nation. The law excluded "those members of the petitioning group whose Indian descent is exclusively from the historical Clatsop Tribe" on the grounds that the Clatsop had lost official status under the Western Oregon Indian Termination Act and that they had joined the nation later than the other subgroups. Months later, the administration of George W. Bush revoked the recognition on the grounds that the tribe lacked documentation between the 1850s and 1920s.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs recognizes tribes only if they meet the conditions of the Federal Acknowledgement Process. Tribes whose petitions have been denied are banned from petitioning again. The Chinook Indian Nation challenged this rule in Chinook Indian Nation v. Bernhardt, arguing that the ban was unreasonable and beyond the power of the bureau. The court sided with the tribe. The tribe said that it would not stop pursuing federal recognition.
Administration
The Chinook Indian Nation is based in Bay Center, Washington. As of February 2019, it has about 3,000 citizens. Most citizens live near the tribe's historical homeland in Washington and Oregon.
Activities
The Chinook Indian Nation participates in efforts to revive the canoe tradition. It began participating in Tribal Canoe Journeys in 2005, along with the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. The two tribes combined their resources and began jointly participating in the event. As both tribes increased their presence at the event, they began participating separately, though they continued collaborating.
References
- ^ Daehnke, Jon D. (2019). "A Heritage of Reciprocity: Canoe Revitalization, Cultural Resilience, and the Power of Protocol". The Public Historian. 41 (1): 64–77. ISSN 0272-3433.
- ^ Deur, Douglas (2016). "The Making of Seaside's "Indian Place": Contested and Enduring Native Spaces on the Nineteenth Century Oregon Coast". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 117 (4): 536–573. doi:10.5403/oregonhistq.117.4.0536. ISSN 0030-4727.
- ^ Barber, Katrine (2013). "Shared Authority in the Context of Tribal Sovereignty: Building Capacity for Partnerships with Indigenous Nations". The Public Historian. 35 (4): 20–39. doi:10.1525/tph.2013.35.4.20. ISSN 0272-3433.
- Lee, Ama (September 1, 2022). "Two Classes of Tribes: Unifying the State and Federal Recognition Systems". Columbia Human Rights Law Review. 54 (1): 274.
- Carlson, Kirsten Matoy (2017). "Making Strategic Choices: How and Why Indian Groups Advocated for Federal Recognition from 1977 to 2012". Law & Society Review. 51 (4): 930–965. ISSN 0023-9216.