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Typhoon Yagi

Yagi making landfall in Haiphong and Quảng Ninh Province on September 7
Meteorological history
Date	September 7, 2024 (2024-09-07)
Very strong typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds	165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure	935 hPa (mbar); 27.61 inHg
Category 3-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds	205 km/h (125 mph)
Lowest pressure	950 hPa (mbar); 28.05 inHg
Typhoon
2-minute sustained (NCHMF)
Highest winds	180 km/h (110 mph)
Lowest pressure	955.2 hPa (mbar); 28.21 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities	323
Injuries	1,978
Missing	22
Damage	>=$3.65 billion (2024 USD) (Costliest in Vietnamese history)
Areas affected	Vietnam (particularly Northern Vietnam)
Part of the 2024 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Yagi, known in Vietnam as Typhoon No. 3 of 2024 (Bão số 3 năm 2024), originated from a tropical depression northwest of Palau, entered the South China Sea, and rapidly intensified into a super typhoon. By September 7, 2024, Typhoon Yagi made landfall in Vietnam's Haiphong City and Quảng Ninh Province, causing catastrophic damage to lives and property. The typhoon and post-typhoon severe weather brought strong winds and heavy rainfall to the entirety of northern Vietnam, triggering a series of adverse effects such as flash floods and landslides in mountainous areas. It also resulted in historic floods in northern Vietnam in early September 2024.

The Vietnamese government assessed Typhoon Yagi as the "strongest in 30 years in the South China Sea" and "the strongest in 70 years on land," noting many "unprecedented characteristics." Government reports estimate that Typhoon Yagi and the subsequent floods caused property damages of 88.7 trillion VND (approximately 3.65 billion USD) and resulted in over 300 deaths and disappearances. Yagi is considered one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in Vietnam's history.

Background

Prior to Typhoon Yagi forming and making landfall in Vietnam, domestic media reported unusual weather patterns in August. Speaking to the Natural Resources and Environment newspaper (Tài nguyên và Môi trường), Mai Văn Khiêm, Director of the National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, stated that the country's average temperature reached 28.3°C, the highest in recorded history. Additionally, August 2024 marked only the sixth time in 61 years (since 1963) that no typhoons or tropical depressions occurred in the South China Sea, a highly unusual phenomenon. The Earth's atmospheric system had transitioned to a neutral state after sustaining El Niño conditions since May 2023. Forecasts indicated a shift to La Niña between September 2024 and early 2025. Khiêm predicted that the number of storms or tropical depressions would be around or above the annual average, with storms likely making landfall in central and southern Vietnam more frequently. The combination of high sea temperatures and La Niña was expected to create favorable conditions for the formation of stronger storms. On 27 August, the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center updated its Weeks 2–3 Global Tropics Hazards Outlook, with a >60% probability of tropical cyclone formation for most of northern South China Sea and Philippines.

On August 30, a low-pressure area formed northwest of Palau and by August 31, it had developed into a tropical depression. It was named Enteng by PAGASA on September 1 and later upgraded to Tropical Storm Yagi by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Initially, Yagi moved northwestward, and after landfall in the Philippines on September 2, it weakened over Luzon. Emerging over the South China Sea on September 3, Yagi rapidly intensified into a severe tropical storm and then a minimal typhoon as it developed an eye. By September 5, it became a super typhoon, reaching Category 5-equivalent strength with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). Yagi made landfall in Hainan on September 6, continued through Guangdong, and intensified again as it moved towards Vietnam, where it made landfall in Haiphong and Quảng Ninh on September 7 as a Category 3-equivalent typhoon, before rapidly weakening.

Preparations

The National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting predicted that Typhoon Yagi would make landfall in Vietnam between the Quảng Ninh and Haiphong areas. In preparation, authorities advised against fishing in dangerous waters, holding outdoor events, and urged people to reinforce home defenses and inspect dykes, particularly at landing sites. Twelve northern provinces closed schools in anticipation of the storm, affecting over 6.5 million students, including those in Haiphong, Quảng Ninh, Bắc Giang, Nam Định, Thái Bình, Hanoi, Hà Nam, Phú Thọ, and Ninh Bình. Coastal areas from Quảng Ninh to Nghệ An banned boat operations, and around 310 domestic and international flights scheduled for September 7 were cancelled. Nearly 50,000 people were evacuated from northern coastal regions. Airports, including Nội Bài (Hanoi), Cát Bi (Haiphong), Vân Đồn (Quảng Ninh), and Thọ Xuân (Thanh Hóa), were asked to suspend operations on September 7 for specific periods. Various domestic media recommended using Google Maps to track the typhoon and receive updates.

For the first time in history, a disaster risk of Level 4/5 on Vietnam's disaster risk scale was issued for the Gulf of Tonkin. On the morning of September 6, one day before the expected landfall, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính issued an urgent directive to provincial and city officials, as well as relevant ministers, to take immediate action to minimize the storm's impact. Ferry services between the mainland and Phú Quốc in southern Vietnam were also suspended starting September 6. The Ministry of Industry and Trade instructed local authorities to stockpile essential supplies for five to ten days. Twelve rail routes in the North-South railway system were halted. The People's Army of Vietnam deployed 460,000 personnel to assist in disaster response. A friendly football match between Thailand and Russia scheduled for September 7 at Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Hanoi was also cancelled.

According to VnExpress, before Typhoon Yagi made landfall in northern Vietnam, the National Committee for Disaster Response and Search and Rescue announced on the afternoon of September 5 that a total of 457,460 people had been mobilized to respond to the storm. This included 99,100 military personnel, 318,900 local militia, and 39,370 reserve forces. More than 10,100 vehicles, including 400 specialized vehicles, 4,770 cars, 4,940 boats, and 6 aircraft, were also mobilized. The Border Guard Command of the provinces along the South China Sea, from Quảng Ninh to Phú Yên, was tasked with coordinating with local authorities, families, and boat owners to notify and guide fishermen away from danger zones. To respond to the storm, the Prime Minister of Vietnam issued two official dispatches. Deputy Prime Minister Tran Hong Ha also chaired a meeting on typhoon preparedness with representatives from 28 provinces and cities, urging the provinces to take decisive action against the storm with the motto "act without regret." It was also stated that strict accountability measures would be imposed on provincial leaders in case of negligence or complacency.

In inland regions, such as Hanoi’s outskirts and Thái Nguyên, police and local residents built flood barriers and worked on rice fields to prevent flooding both before and during the storm. Police in several districts instructed local police and other forces to implement safety measures for the people, vehicles, and property. During Yagi's landfall and subsequent damage, police officers from the affected communes and towns directly participated in rescue operations and supported people in dealing with the aftermath.

Impact

Severe weather

Typhoon Yagi made landfall in Quảng Ninh at approximately 1 PM local time on September 7, 2024. According to the first iteration of Vietnam's Member Report submitted to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee for the 19th Integrated Workshop in Shanghai, China, the strongest winds recorded when Typhoon Yagi made landfall were at the Bãi Cháy meteorological station in Quảng Ninh, with maximum 2-minute sustained winds of 50 m/s (180 km/h), equivalent to Force 15 (167–183 km/h). However, a revised iteration later submitted by Vietnam states that Bãi Cháy station only recorded maximum 2-minute sustained winds of 45 m/s (160 km/h), equivalent to Force 14 (150–166 km/h). Subsequent reports by authorities after the storm also state that only Force 14-equivalent winds were recorded at Bãi Cháy. Hoàng Đức Cường, Deputy Director General of the Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration, said this was the first time Vietnam had ever recorded such violent winds on land. Bãi Cháy station also recorded a sea level pressure of 955.2 hPa (28.21 inHg), the lowest sea level pressure recorded during Yagi's landfall in Vietnam.

Additionally, stations on the islands of Bạch Long Vĩ and Cô Tô recorded typhoon-force winds at Force 13. Other stations on the mainland and nearshore islands of Quảng Ninh and Haiphong recorded winds at Forces 10–12 with gusts up to Forces 12–15; Hải Dương recorded winds at Forces 10–13, while Hưng Yên, Bắc Ninh, Bắc Giang, Vĩnh Phúc, and Thái Bình experienced winds at Forces 8–9 with gusts reaching Forces 9–12 (in Ba Lạt, Thái Bình, gusts reached 36 m/s (130 km/h), equivalent to Force 12). Other areas in the northeastern region of Vietnam, including the capital city of Hanoi, reported winds at Forces 6–7.

The system caused widespread heavy rainfall across northern Vietnam and Thanh Hóa, with total rainfall from 7:00 AM on September 7 to 7:00 AM on September 12 (local time) ranging from 250–450 mm, and some locations exceeding 550–700 mm. This rainfall contributed to monthly totals in early September that were 4–6 times higher than annual averages at 83 of 84 measuring stations. In Yên Bái City, over 200 mm of rain fell in just two hours.

Due to the heavy rain, water levels in major river systems in northern Vietnam, including the Red River and Thái Bình River systems, rose rapidly, causing significant flooding in 20 out of 25 northern provinces from September 8 to September 15. Thao River's upstream section in Lào Cai surpassed the historical flood level of 1971 by 0.27 m. In Yên Bái, the Thao River's peak flood level also exceeded the historic 1968 level. Downstream, water levels on the Red River at the Hanoi station reached the highest levels in 20 years, peaking at 11.3 m on the morning of September 12. In Hanoi's suburban areas, water levels exceeded Level 3 warning thresholds (on Vietnam's flood warning scale of 3 levels) on smaller rivers such as the Tích River and Bùi River, tributaries of the Đáy River.

Elsewhere, downstream regions like Hà Nam (Đáy River) and Ninh Bình (Hoàng Long River) also saw peak flood levels above Level 3 thresholds, leading to severe flooding. In Ninh Bình, provincial authorities issued an evacuation order on the afternoon of September 12 but rescinded it less than a day later. On the Thái Bình River system, the Cầu River's peak level at Thái Nguyên reached 28.9 m, exceeding Level 3 flood warning thresholds by 1.9 m. Similarly, the Cầu River at Bắc Ninh and the Thương River at Bắc Giang also surpassed Level 3 flood warning thresholds. In Hải Dương, peak levels on the Thái Bình River and Kinh Thầy River reached the highest levels in 28 years, exceeding Level 3 flood warning thresholds. At Phả Lại, the Thái Bình River peaked at 6.26 m on the evening of September 12, the highest since 2003. Large floods were also reported on other northern rivers such as the Ninh Cơ, Kinh Môn, Gùa, and Trà Lý Rivers. Some areas in Hải Phòng experienced storm surges, with water levels rising up to 0.5 meters.

Additionally, heavy rain caused water from upstream to flow into the Thác Bà Hydropower Reservoir, rapidly raising its water level to a "historic level" of 5,600 cubic meters per second. The reservoir was forced to release water through three spillway gates. Authorities prepared for the possibility of breaching an auxiliary dam; however, as water levels subsided, this measure was avoided, and the Thác Bà Hydropower Plant remained safe. The Hòa Bình and Tuyên Quang reservoirs also opened two and eight spillway gates, respectively.

Typhoon and post-typhoon damages

Before Typhoon Yagi made landfall, it caused one death and uprooted numerous trees in Ho Chi Minh City on September 4. Several rooftops were blown away, and utility poles were knocked down in Bình Dương Province, causing power outages in several areas on the same day. On September 6, before the typhoon's landfall, it uprooted trees, damaged rooftops, and destroyed signs across the country, resulting in three deaths and seven injuries.

Typhoon Yagi and the subsequent flooding caused severe consequences for Vietnam, marking the most significant natural disaster in northern Vietnam in many years. According to estimates and statements by the Vietnamese government, as specified in Resolution No. 143, the country’s GDP growth rate could decrease by 0.15% compared to the forecast scenario, with growth rates in northern provinces like Quảng Ninh, Thái Nguyên, and Lào Cai potentially declining by over 0.5%. According to a government report submitted to the National Assembly of Vietnam during its 8th session (15th term), at the time of writing, there were 323 deaths, 22 missing persons, 1,978 injuries, more than 280,000 homes damaged or unroofed, more than 120,000 homes flooded, and nearly 12,000 aquaculture cages destroyed or washed away. By the end of 2024, the Department of Dyke Management and Natural Disaster Prevention and Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) reported at the "Post-Disaster Recovery Experience Forum" that the total economic losses caused by Typhoon Yagi in Vietnam were estimated at over 83.746 trillion VND (3.45 billion USD). This amount was comparable to the total annual state budget revenue of the northern midland and mountainous regions. Agricultural losses accounted for an estimated 38.086 trillion VND, or 45% of total economic damages. Another source, VietNamNet, reported slightly different figures: 320 deaths, 25 missing persons, and economic losses exceeding 88.7 trillion VND (3.65 billion USD), equivalent to 0.62% of Vietnam’s GDP in 2023, reducing GDP growth in 2024 by 0.24%. The economic damages caused by Typhoon Yagi and its subsequent flooding were the most severe ever caused by a natural disaster in Vietnam, four times greater than the average economic losses from natural disasters over the past decade. They also surpassed the total losses of approximately 60 trillion VND recorded in 2017, a year with numerous typhoons making landfall in Vietnam.

Various sectors, especially industry, logistics, tourism, and agriculture, were disrupted. Many businesses and individuals were unable to repay loans on time, affecting debts totaling 100 trillion VND, and the insurance industry faced numerous compensation claims. The typhoon also disrupted the lives and mental well-being of a portion of the population, impacting production and business activities. Over 6.1 million customers experienced power outages, with some areas losing power for over ten days due to damage to the power grid. As of September 17, more than 100,000 households were still without electricity. The telecommunications infrastructure was also heavily damaged, with 9,235 base transceiver stations losing connectivity, and one network operator losing over 50% of its network during the storm. Transportation routes were severely disrupted and damaged, with over 110 flights canceled. By September 14, 3,924 sections of roads had been damaged due to landslides, roadbed subsidence, road breaks, and damaged bridges and culverts. Additionally, 253 sections of roads were submerged, and two spans of Phong Châu Bridge collapsed. According to the Ministry of Transport, the damage to transportation infrastructure in northern provinces exceeded 3 trillion VND. The Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (VASEP) stated that the seafood industry in Vietnam was severely impacted by Typhoon Yagi, with businesses suffering facility damages and lost business opportunities. On September 10, the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange reported that the stock prices of many insurance companies dropped sharply, ranging from 1% to 4.6%, due to the negative impacts of Typhoon Yagi.

Notes

1. Vietnam observes sustained winds over a 2-minute period, compared to most other organizations where sustained winds are observed either over an 1-minute period or a 10-minute period.
2. Unless otherwise noted, "Force X" in this article refers to the wind intensity based on Vietnam's extended Beaufort scale. Tropical storm-force winds are Forces 8−11, and typhoon-force winds are Force 12 and above.
3. The 50 m/s maximum sustained winds and 63 m/s peak gusts readings for Bai Chay station are from an original report by Vietnam to ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. However, Vietnam filed a revised report later, reducing these to 45 m/s and 62 m/s respectively. The reason for this is not yet known.

See also

• 2024 Pacific typhoon season
• Typhoon Yagi
• Tropical cyclones in Vietnam

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