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The Mubarak Shahi Dynasty (Bengali: মোবারক শাহী খান্দান) was a short lived but detrimental dynasty that emerged out of Bengal and gained independence from the Delhi Sultanate. It was the ruling dynasty of the Sonargaon Sultanate. Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah, the founder and longest ruler of the Sonargaon Sultanate originated from the Bengal region and it eventually met its end with the unification of Bengal under the Bengal Sultanate and Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah's conquest of Sonargaon.

Origin

According to some historians, Mubarak was born into a Bengali Sunni Muslim family in a village located in the eastern part of Noakhali, in present day Bangladesh. Though the exact location of this village is not certain, it is thought to be situated in the Kabirhat Upazila.

Another account of the origin of the dynasty is that of Turkic origin, belonging to the Qaraunah Turks. This claim however, seems to be less reliable and uncertain.

Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah

Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah reigned from 1338–1349, and was also known simply as Fakhra. He was the founder of the first independent Bengali sultanate and it comprised of modern-day eastern and southeastern Bangladesh. His kingdom revolved around the city of Sonargaon. It was during this time in which the city emerged as a chief superpower during his reign. Mubarak Shah was also the first Muslim ruler to conqueror Chittagong, the principal port of Bengal in 1340 CE.Ibn Batuta, after visiting his capital in 1346, described Shah as "a distinguished sovereign who loved strangers, particularly the fakirs and sufis". The Iqlim (administrative division) of Mubarakabad is said to have been named after him.

Independance from Delhi

After the death of Bahram Khan in 737 AH (1336-1337 AD), Mubarak rose to power and declared himself as independent ruler from his proclaimed capital in Sonargaon. After hearing of Mubarak's revolt against Delhi, the Governor of Lakhnauti Qadar Khan sent a large army to suppress him.

Mubarak fled from the battlefield, and his assets were captured by Qadar Khan's forces and Sonargaon was seized. However, Mubarak managed to execute Qadar Khan and regain Sonargaon by luring Qadar Khan's army who had fallen into dissension regarding the sharing of the spoils. He then appointed his servant Mukhlis to administer Lakhnauti but Mukhlis was defeated by Qadar Khan's ariz (war minister) Alauddin Ali Shah.

Conquests

Shah's conquests of Comilla and Noakhali (present-day Bangladesh) were followed by gains of northern Sylhet and southern Chittagong. His military enterprise included a successful naval action against Sultan Alauddin Ali Shah of the Lakhnauti Sultanate. Shah sponsored several construction projects, including a trunk road and raised embankments, along with mosques and tombs.

Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah

Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah, was most probably Fakhruddin's son according to historian Jadunath Sarkar and succeeded him and ruled the independent Sultanate from Sonargaon till 1352. He was the second and final ruler of Sonargaon and during his reign in 1350, he lost Chittagong to the king of Arakan.

In 1352 Ilyas Shah, independent Sultan of Satgaon, who already captured the Lakhnauti Sultanate, attacked Sonargaon. In the battle Ikhtiyaruddin was defeated and killed. Thus for the first time in history, Bengal was unified comprising Sonargaon, Satgaon and Lakhnauti.

List of Rulers

1. ^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
2. ^ Mashuq-e-Rasul, Dr Khalid, ed. (1992). নোয়াখালীর লোকসাহিত্যে জনজীবনের পরিচয় (in Bengali). Bangla Academy.
3. "Iliyas Shah - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
4. ^ History Of The Qaraunah Turks In India, Ishwari Prasad
5. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1973) . The History of Bengal. Vol. II: Muslim Period, 1200–1757. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 96. OCLC 924890.
6. "Historic archaeological sites need to be preserved". The Daily Star. UNB. September 5, 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
7. "About Chittagong:History". Local Government Engineering Department, Government of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
8. Ahmad Hasan Dani (20 April 2024). "Analysis of the Inscriptions". Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii. pp. 28 and 110.