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| Demographics of Somalia | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid of Somalia in 2020 | |
| Population | 18,100,000 (2023 est.) |
| Growth rate | 2.42% (2022 est.) |
| Birth rate | 37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Death rate | 11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 55.72 years |
| • male | 53.39 years |
| • female | 58.12 years |
| Fertility rate | 6.90 children born/woman (2020) |
| Infant mortality rate | 86.53 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Net migration rate | -2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 42.38% |
| 65 and over | 2.27% |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Somali |
| Major ethnic | Somali (98%) |
 |
| Part of a series on |
| Somali clans |
|---|
| Darod |
| Isaaq |
| Dir |
| Hawiye |
| Rahanweyn |
Demographic features of Somalia's inhabitants include ethnicity, language, population density, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Somalia is believed to be one of the most homogeneous countries in Africa.
2020 survey
Child marriages, known to deprive women of opportunities to reach their full potential, have among women aged 20–24, 36 percent of total population.
The April 2020 SHDS report further unveils that fertility rates remain very high, the total fertility rate for Somalia is 6.9 children per woman, the highest in the world, which would impact planning for the next years. In addition, 99 percent of women have still been genitally circumcised.
Ethnic groups
Somalis
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants. They are organized into clan groupings, which are important social units; clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are typically divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. Through the xeer system (customary law), the advanced clan structure has served governmental roles in many rural Somali communities.
According to The Economist, at independence Somalia was "arguably in ethnic terms the most homogeneous country in Africa" however, the publication also notes:
"..its ethnic homogeneity is misleading. Despite also sharing a single language and religion, it is divided into more than 500 clans and sub-clans."
Somali Clans
Main article: Somali clansSomali clans (Somali: Qabaa'ilka Soomaalida; Arabic: القبائل الصومالية, romanized: al-Qabā'il al-Sūmāliyya) are patrilineal kinship groups based on agnatic descent of the Somali people. Tradition and folklore connects the origin of the Somali population by language and way of life, and societal organisations, by customs, and by a feeling of belonging to a broader family among individuals from the Arabian Peninsula.
The Somali people are mainly divided among five patrilineal clans, the Hawiye, Darod, Rahanweyn, Dir, and Isaaq. The average person is able to trace his/her ancestry generations back. Somali clans in contemporary times have an established official structure in the country's political system, acknowledged by a mathematical formula for equitably distributing seats between the clans in the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
The clan represents the highest degree of familial affiliation. It holds territorial properties and is typically overseen by a Sultan. Clans possess ancestral lands, which are associated with the migratory patterns of the Somali populace throughout their historical narrative. Each clan is administered by its designated leader and supported by its council of elders, with land being communally owned and overseen. Various Somali clans utilise distinct titles for their leaders, including Sultan, Emir, Imam, Ugaas, and Garaad. Clan leadership may be hereditary, or leaders may be elected by the council of elders composed of representatives from diverse clan lineages. The leaders of these clans fulfill both religious and political responsibilities.
Other ethnic groups
Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up about 5% of the nation's population. They include Arabs, Bantus & Bajunis.
 |
| Part of a series on the |
| Culture of Somalia |
|---|
| Culture |
| People |
| Religion |
| Language |
| Politics |
Languages
Main article: Languages of SomaliaSomali is the official language of Somalia. It is the mother tongue of Somalis, the nation's most populous ethnic group. The language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family.
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afroasiatic tongue, is another official language in Somalia. Many speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.
English is widely used and taught. Other minority languages include Bravanese, a variant of the Bantu Swahili language that is spoken along the southern coast by the Bravanese people, as well as Bajuni, another Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the Bajuni ethnic minority group.
Population
According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, the total population was 17,065,581 in 2021, compared to 2,264,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.9%, 52.3% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older.
Vital statistics
Registration of vital events in Somalia is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates:
| Year | Population | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | TFR* | IMR* | Life expectancy (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 2 213 000 | 112 000 | 50 000 | 62 000 | 50.5 | 22.4 | 28.1 | 7.25 | 152.1 | 41.40 |
| 1951 | 2 276 000 | 114 000 | 51 000 | 62 000 | 49.9 | 22.6 | 27.3 | 7.25 | 151.4 | 41.52 |
| 1952 | 2 339 000 | 116 000 | 53 000 | 63 000 | 49.4 | 22.5 | 26.8 | 7.25 | 150.1 | 41.74 |
| 1953 | 2 402 000 | 117 000 | 54 000 | 64 000 | 48.9 | 22.4 | 26.5 | 7.25 | 148.8 | 41.97 |
| 1954 | 2 466 000 | 119 000 | 55 000 | 65 000 | 48.5 | 22.3 | 26.2 | 7.25 | 147.6 | 42.19 |
| 1955 | 2 530 000 | 122 000 | 56 000 | 66 000 | 48.0 | 22.1 | 26.0 | 7.25 | 146.3 | 42.40 |
| 1956 | 2 595 000 | 124 000 | 57 000 | 67 000 | 47.7 | 21.9 | 25.8 | 7.25 | 145.1 | 42.62 |
| 1957 | 2 662 000 | 126 000 | 58 000 | 68 000 | 47.4 | 21.7 | 25.7 | 7.25 | 143.9 | 42.83 |
| 1958 | 2 729 000 | 129 000 | 59 000 | 70 000 | 47.1 | 21.5 | 25.6 | 7.25 | 142.7 | 43.04 |
| 1959 | 2 798 000 | 131 000 | 60 000 | 71 000 | 46.8 | 21.3 | 25.5 | 7.25 | 141.6 | 43.25 |
| 1960 | 2 871 000 | 134 000 | 61 000 | 73 000 | 46.6 | 21.1 | 25.5 | 7.25 | 140.4 | 43.45 |
| 1961 | 2 946 000 | 137 000 | 62 000 | 75 000 | 46.4 | 21.0 | 25.3 | 7.25 | 139.8 | 43.56 |
| 1962 | 3 023 000 | 140 000 | 63 000 | 77 000 | 46.2 | 20.7 | 25.4 | 7.26 | 138.1 | 43.88 |
| 1963 | 3 102 000 | 143 000 | 64 000 | 79 000 | 46.0 | 20.5 | 25.4 | 7.26 | 137.0 | 44.10 |
| 1964 | 3 184 000 | 146 000 | 65 000 | 81 000 | 45.8 | 20.4 | 25.4 | 7.26 | 135.9 | 44.30 |
| 1965 | 3 268 000 | 149 000 | 66 000 | 83 000 | 45.7 | 20.2 | 25.5 | 7.26 | 134.6 | 44.54 |
| 1966 | 3 354 000 | 153 000 | 67 000 | 86 000 | 45.5 | 20.0 | 25.6 | 7.26 | 133.5 | 44.76 |
| 1967 | 3 442 000 | 156 000 | 68 000 | 88 000 | 45.4 | 19.8 | 25.6 | 7.25 | 132.4 | 44.97 |
| 1968 | 3 532 000 | 160 000 | 69 000 | 91 000 | 45.3 | 19.6 | 25.7 | 7.23 | 131.4 | 45.17 |
| 1969 | 3 625 000 | 164 000 | 71 000 | 93 000 | 45.2 | 19.5 | 25.8 | 7.21 | 130.4 | 45.37 |
| 1970 | 3 721 000 | 168 000 | 72 000 | 96 000 | 45.2 | 19.3 | 25.9 | 7.18 | 129.4 | 45.56 |
| 1971 | 3 818 000 | 173 000 | 73 000 | 99 000 | 45.2 | 19.2 | 26.0 | 7.15 | 128.4 | 45.75 |
| 1972 | 3 918 000 | 177 000 | 75 000 | 103 000 | 45.2 | 19.0 | 26.2 | 7.12 | 127.5 | 45.94 |
| 1973 | 4 022 000 | 182 000 | 76 000 | 106 000 | 45.2 | 18.9 | 26.3 | 7.09 | 126.5 | 46.13 |
| 1974 | 4 126 000 | 187 000 | 86 000 | 101 000 | 45.3 | 20.7 | 24.6 | 7.06 | 137.8 | 43.82 |
| 1975 | 4 228 000 | 192 000 | 86 000 | 106 000 | 45.5 | 20.4 | 25.1 | 7.03 | 135.9 | 44.18 |
| 1976 | 4 334 000 | 198 000 | 87 000 | 111 000 | 45.7 | 20.1 | 25.5 | 7.02 | 134.0 | 44.57 |
| 1977 | 4 450 000 | 204 000 | 82 000 | 122 000 | 45.8 | 18.3 | 27.5 | 7.00 | 122.6 | 46.92 |
| 1978 | 4 778 000 | 214 000 | 84 000 | 130 000 | 46.8 | 18.4 | 28.4 | 7.13 | 121.7 | 46.95 |
| 1979 | 5 409 000 | 241 000 | 93 000 | 148 000 | 47.1 | 18.2 | 28.8 | 7.16 | 120.7 | 47.31 |
| 1980 | 5 892 000 | 277 000 | 106 000 | 171 000 | 47.3 | 18.1 | 29.2 | 7.18 | 119.8 | 47.49 |
| 1981 | 5 935 000 | 291 000 | 110 000 | 181 000 | 47.7 | 18.1 | 29.7 | 7.23 | 119.0 | 47.67 |
| 1982 | 5 952 000 | 286 000 | 107 000 | 179 000 | 48.0 | 18.0 | 30.0 | 7.25 | 118.2 | 47.83 |
| 1983 | 6 143 000 | 296 000 | 109 000 | 187 000 | 48.3 | 17.8 | 30.5 | 7.28 | 116.6 | 48.17 |
| 1984 | 6 369 000 | 307 000 | 112 000 | 196 000 | 48.5 | 17.6 | 30.9 | 7.30 | 115.2 | 48.46 |
| 1985 | 6 631 000 | 322 000 | 117 000 | 205 000 | 48.7 | 17.7 | 31.0 | 7.33 | 114.8 | 48.28 |
| 1986 | 6 909 000 | 336 000 | 121 000 | 215 000 | 48.9 | 17.6 | 31.2 | 7.35 | 114.1 | 48.37 |
| 1987 | 7 158 000 | 351 000 | 124 000 | 227 000 | 49.0 | 17.3 | 31.7 | 7.37 | 113.1 | 48.90 |
| 1988 | 7 160 000 | 362 000 | 151 000 | 211 000 | 49.1 | 20.5 | 28.6 | 7.40 | 115.8 | 43.84 |
| 1989 | 7 035 000 | 352 000 | 131 000 | 221 000 | 49.2 | 18.3 | 30.8 | 7.42 | 110.1 | 46.72 |
| 1990 | 6 999 000 | 349 000 | 128 000 | 221 000 | 49.0 | 18.0 | 31.0 | 7.44 | 108.3 | 47.11 |
| 1991 | 6 733 000 | 346 000 | 284 000 | 63 000 | 49.4 | 40.5 | 8.9 | 7.47 | 237.4 | 26.57 |
| 1992 | 6 428 000 | 327 000 | 251 000 | 76 000 | 50.2 | 38.6 | 11.7 | 7.50 | 236.3 | 27.31 |
| 1993 | 6 621 000 | 328 000 | 101 000 | 227 000 | 50.4 | 15.5 | 34.9 | 7.53 | 104.6 | 50.65 |
| 1994 | 6 960 000 | 351 000 | 111 000 | 240 000 | 50.3 | 15.9 | 34.4 | 7.54 | 105.1 | 50.33 |
| 1995 | 7 211 000 | 360 000 | 113 000 | 247 000 | 50.1 | 15.8 | 34.4 | 7.58 | 104.5 | 50.60 |
| 1996 | 7 472 000 | 376 000 | 119 000 | 257 000 | 50.1 | 15.9 | 34.2 | 7.62 | 104.8 | 50.45 |
| 1997 | 7 734 000 | 388 000 | 124 000 | 264 000 | 50.3 | 16.1 | 34.2 | 7.66 | 106.8 | 50.20 |
| 1998 | 8 057 000 | 403 000 | 127 000 | 276 000 | 50.2 | 15.8 | 34.4 | 7.65 | 104.6 | 50.66 |
| 1999 | 8 384 000 | 419 000 | 133 000 | 286 000 | 50.1 | 15.9 | 34.2 | 7.63 | 104.7 | 50.53 |
| 2000 | 8 721 000 | 434 000 | 137 000 | 297 000 | 49.9 | 15.8 | 34.1 | 7.61 | 104.6 | 50.66 |
| 2001 | 9 071 000 | 450 000 | 142 000 | 308 000 | 49.7 | 15.7 | 34.0 | 7.58 | 104.4 | 50.74 |
| 2002 | 9 411 000 | 467 000 | 148 000 | 320 000 | 49.7 | 15.7 | 34.0 | 7.58 | 104.4 | 50.73 |
| 2003 | 9 758 000 | 482 000 | 153 000 | 329 000 | 49.4 | 15.7 | 33.7 | 7.55 | 104.5 | 50.61 |
| 2004 | 10 117 000 | 498 000 | 159 000 | 339 000 | 49.2 | 15.7 | 33.5 | 7.52 | 104.6 | 50.54 |
| 2005 | 10 467 000 | 513 000 | 163 000 | 350 000 | 49.0 | 15.6 | 33.4 | 7.48 | 104.4 | 50.66 |
| 2006 | 10 785 000 | 527 000 | 168 000 | 359 000 | 48.7 | 15.6 | 33.2 | 7.46 | 104.1 | 50.60 |
| 2007 | 11 118 000 | 539 000 | 173 000 | 366 000 | 48.5 | 15.5 | 32.9 | 7.42 | 103.5 | 50.52 |
| 2008 | 11 445 000 | 555 000 | 174 000 | 381 000 | 48.2 | 15.1 | 33.1 | 7.39 | 101.3 | 51.12 |
| 2009 | 11 730 000 | 565 000 | 172 000 | 393 000 | 47.9 | 14.6 | 33.4 | 7.34 | 98.7 | 51.85 |
| 2010 | 12 027 000 | 576 000 | 185 000 | 390 000 | 47.7 | 15.4 | 32.3 | 7.30 | 102.5 | 50.56 |
| 2011 | 12 217 000 | 589 000 | 184 000 | 405 000 | 47.5 | 14.9 | 32.7 | 7.26 | 100.0 | 51.30 |
| 2012 | 12 440 000 | 590 000 | 169 000 | 420 000 | 47.3 | 13.6 | 33.7 | 7.20 | 91.4 | 53.16 |
| 2013 | 12 852 000 | 604 000 | 169 000 | 435 000 | 47.0 | 13.1 | 33.9 | 7.13 | 88.7 | 53.84 |
| 2014 | 13 309 000 | 622 000 | 170 000 | 452 000 | 46.7 | 12.8 | 33.9 | 7.06 | 86.1 | 54.28 |
| 2015 | 13 764 000 | 640 000 | 171 000 | 469 000 | 46.5 | 12.4 | 34.0 | 6.98 | 83.9 | 54.86 |
| 2016 | 14 293 000 | 657 000 | 175 000 | 482 000 | 46.2 | 12.3 | 33.9 | 6.89 | 82.0 | 55.04 |
| 2017 | 14 864 000 | 675 000 | 177 000 | 498 000 | 45.5 | 11.9 | 33.6 | 6.74 | 79.8 | 55.65 |
| 2018 | 15 411 000 | 693 000 | 176 000 | 516 000 | 45.0 | 11.4 | 33.5 | 6.63 | 77.2 | 56.38 |
| 2019 | 15 981 000 | 711 000 | 176 000 | 535 000 | 44.6 | 11.0 | 33.5 | 6.53 | 75.0 | 57.08 |
| 2020 | 16 537 000 | 728 000 | 188 000 | 540 000 | 44.0 | 11.4 | 32.6 | 6.42 | 72.9 | 55.97 |
| 2021 | 17 271 000 | 762 000 | 195 000 | 566 000 | 44.1 | 11.3 | 32.8 | 6.35 | 70.0 | 57.2 |
| 2022 | 17 802 000 | 780 000 | 228 000 | 551 000 | 43.8 | 12.8 | 31.0 | 6.26 | 86.7 | 53.9 |
| 2023 | 18 356 000 | 789 000 | 181 000 | 608 000 | 43.0 | 9.8 | 33.1 | 6.13 | 66.3 | 58.8 |
| * CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) | ||||||||||
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Demographic statistics
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.
- One birth every 46 seconds
- One death every 3 minutes
- One net migrant every 16 minutes
- Net gain of one person every 1 minutes
The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook unless otherwise indicated.
Population
- 18,100,000 (2023 est.)
- 11,259,029 (July 2018 est.)
Estimated Population 1950–2021; UN, World Population Prospects 2022 - 10,428,043 (2014 est.)
Religions
Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)
Age structure
- 0-14 years: 42.38% (male 2,488,604/female 2,493,527)
- 15-24 years: 19.81% (male 1,167,807/female 1,161,040)
- 25-54 years: 30.93% (male 1,881,094/female 1,755,166)
- 55-64 years: 4.61% (male 278,132/female 264,325)
- 65 years and over: 2.27% (2020 est.) (male 106,187/female 161,242)
- 0-14 years: 42.87% (male 2,410,215 /female 2,416,629)
- 15-24 years: 19.35% (male 1,097,358 /female 1,081,762)
- 25-54 years: 31.23% (male 1,821,823 /female 1,694,873)
- 55-64 years: 4.35% (male 245,744 /female 243,893)
- 65 years and over: 2.19% (male 95,845 /female 150,887) (2018 est.)
Birth rate
- 37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
- 39.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
- 40.87 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Death rate
- 11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th
- 12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
- 13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Total fertility rate
- 5.22 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
- 5.31 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
- 5.7 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th
Population growth rate
- 2.42% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 27th
- 2.08% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 45th
- 1.75% (2014 est.)
Median age
- total: 18.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 210th
- male: 18.7 years
- female: 18.3 years (2020 est.)
- Total: 18.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 211th
- Male: 18.4 years
- Female: 18 years (2018 est.)
Net migration rate
- -2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 171st
- -5.6 migrants/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 199th
- -9.51 migrants/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
- 6.9% (2018/19)
Dependency ratios
- Total dependency ratio: 97.4 (2015 est.)
- Youth dependency ratio: 92.1 (2015 est.)
- Elderly dependency ratio: 5.3 (2015 est.)
- Potential support ratio: 18.8 (2015 est.)
Urbanization
Main article: List of cities in Somalia by population- urban population: 47.3% of total population (2022)
- rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)
- Urban population: 45% of total population (2018)
- Rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
- Urban population: 37.7% of total population (2011)
- Rate of urbanization: 3.79 annual rate of change (2010–15 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 males/female
Under 15 years: 1 male/female
15–64 years: 1.07 males/female
65 years and over: 0.66 males/female
Total population: 1.01 males/female (2015 est. )
Infant mortality rate
- Total: 93 deaths/1,000 live births
- Male: 101.4 deaths/1,000 live births
- Female: 84.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 55.72 years. Country comparison to the world: 225th male: 53.39 years female: 58.12 years (2022 est.)
- Total population: 53.2 years
- Male: 51 years
- Female: 55.4 years (2018 est.)
Life expectancy in Somalia since 1950
- Total population: 51.58 years
- Male: 49.58 years
- Female: 53.65 years (2014 est.)
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk: very high (2020)
- food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
- vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
- water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
- animal contact diseases: rabies
note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Somalia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
HIV/AIDS
- HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate
0.1% (2017 est.)
- HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS
11,000 (2017 est.)
- HIV/AIDS – deaths
<1000 (2017 est.)
Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vector-borne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
Water contact disease: schistosomiasis
Animal contact disease: rabies (2013)
Nationality
Noun: Somali (singular) or Somali (plural)
Adjective: Somali
Ethnic groups
Languages
Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: N/A
See also
Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
- ^ "World Population Dashboard Somalia". unfpa.org. United Nations Population Fund. 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
- ^ Govt. Somalia, UNFPA (30 April 2020). "The Somali Health and Demographic Survey 2020". reliefweb.int.
- Olanrewaju, Ilemobola Peter (2014), Asuelime, Lucky; Francis, Suzanne (eds.), "Fractionality in Homogeneity? Value Differences and Cross-Cultural Conflict in Somalia", Selected Themes in African Political Studies: Political Conflict and Stability, Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–23, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_2, ISBN 978-3-319-06001-9
- Popescu, Alba Iulia Catrinel (2021). "SOMALIA – CASE STUDY ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF AN ETHNICALLY AND CIVILIZATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE". Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University. 10 (3): 164–176. doi:10.53477/2284-9378-21-37. ISSN 2284-936X.
- ^ "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009-05-14. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 142. ISBN 0313313334.
- "The centre holds, but only just". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- Lewis, Ioan (2004). "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox". Africa. 74 (4): 489–515. doi:10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489. ISSN 1750-0184.
- Lewis & Samatar 1999, p. 11. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewisSamatar1999 (help)
- Marian Aguiar (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
- Touval, Saadia (1963). Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa. Harvard University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-674-59435-7.
- Abdi, Farhia (2024-01-01). "Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Leadership Leadership". The Journal of Social Encounters. doi:10.69755/2995-2212.1248.
- Hamilton, David (1967). "Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline" (PDF). Journal of Ethiopian Studies: 11–12.
- "Somali networks - structures of clan and society (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 949)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
- "The role of 4.5 in democratization and governance in Somalia: Implications and considerations for the way forward (May 2023) - Somalia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
- Ahmed, Nasteha (2019-02-01). "Somalia's struggle to integrate traditional and modern governance: The 4.5 formula and 2012 provisional constitution". Theses and Dissertations.
- Osman, Abdulahi A. (2007-07-31). Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives inReconstituting a Failed State. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-909112-87-2.
- ^ Ssero, Florence. Global Review of Ethnopolitics. Vol. 2. pp. 25–40.
- ^ Lewis & Samatar 1999, pp. 203–204. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewisSamatar1999 (help)
- Mohamed Haji Muktar, Historical Dictionary of Somalia, (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35
- Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.
- Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- I. M. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somalis, Afar and Saho, (Red Sea Press: 1998), p. 11.
- ^ Helena Dubnov, A grammatical sketch of Somali, (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.
- Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, The Somalis: their history and culture, (Center for Applied Linguistics: 1993), p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."
- Fiona MacDonald et al., Peoples of Africa, Volume 10, (Marshall Cavendish: 2000), p. 178.
- "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" (PDF) (Press release). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2011-05-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-06.
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 2741:2812, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09.
- "Somalia Population 2022", World Population Review
- "The World FactBook – Somalia", The World Factbook, 2022 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Africa – SOMALIA". CIA The World Factbook. 24 January 2023.
- "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
The official language of the Federal Republic of Somalia is Somali (Maay and Maxaa-tiri), and Arabic is the second language.
- No reliable data on nationwide literacy rate. 2013 FSNAU survey indicates considerable differences per region, with the autonomous northeastern Puntland region having the highest registered literacy rate (72%).
References
- Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, Worldbank, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts
- Victims and Vulnerable Groups in Southern Somalia, Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001
- Somali Clan Structure, Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001
External links
- "The Somali Ethnic Group and Clan System", from "Reunification of the Somali People", Jack L. Davies
| Ethnic and national groups in Somalia | |
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| Immigrant |
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| Demographics of Africa | |
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| Sovereign states |
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| States with limited recognition | |
| Dependencies and other territories |
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| Human rights in Somalia | |
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| See also | |