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Revision as of 23:19, 30 April 2007 by 142.68.198.21 (talk) (→Other uses)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Idiot is a word derived from the Greek Template:Polytonic, idiōtēs ("person lacking professional skill," "a private citizen," "individual"), from Template:Polytonic, idios ("private," "one's own"). In Latin the word idiota ("ordinary person, layman") preceded the Late Latin meaning "uneducated or ignorant person." Its modern meaning and form dates back to Middle English around the year 1300, from the Old French idiote ("uneducated or ignorant person"). The related word idiocy dates to 1487 and may have been analogously modeled on the words prophet and prophecy.The word has cognates in many other languages.
History
"Idiot" was originally created to refer to people who were overly concerned with their own self-interest and ignored the needs of the community. Declining to take part in public life, such as (semi-)democratic government of the polis (city state), such as the Athenian democracy, was considered dishonorable. "Idiots" were seen as having bad judgment in public and political matters. Over time, the term "idiot" shifted away from its original connotation of selfishness and came to refer to individuals with overall bad judgment–individuals who are "stupid". In modern English usage, the terms "idiot" and "idiocy" describe an extreme folly or stupidity, its symptoms (foolish or stupid utterance or deed). In psychology, it is a historical term for the state or condition now called profound mental retardation.
Disability
In 19th and early 20th-century medicine and psychology, an "idiot" was a person with a very severe mental retardation or a very low IQ level, as a sufferer of cretinism, defining idiots as people whose IQ were below 20 (with a standard deviation of 16); Mongolian idiot (or Mongoloid idiot) was applied to people who had Down syndrome.
In current medical classification, these people are now said to have profound mental retardation, and the word "idiot" is no longer used as a scientific term.
United States law
The California Penal Code Section 26 states that "Idiots" are one of six types of people who are not capable of committing crimes.
In several states, idiots do not have the right to vote:
- Arkansas Article III, Section 5
- Iowa Article II, section 5
- Kentucky Section 145
- Mississippi Article 12, Section 241
- New Jersey (Article II, Section 1, Paragraph 6) (amended Jan 2007 to remove the word idiot)
- New Mexico Article VII, section 1
- Ohio (Article V, Section 6)
In literature
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A few authors have used "idiot" characters in novels, plays and poetry. Often these characters are used to highlight or indicate something else (allegory). Examples of such usage are William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury and William Wordsworth's The Idiot Boy. Idiot characters in literature are often confused with or subsumed within mad or lunatic characters. The most common imbrication between these two categories of mental impairment occurs in the polemic surrounding Edmund from William Shakespeare's King Lear. In Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot, the idiocy of the main character, Prince Lev Nikolaievich Myshkin, is attributed more to his honesty, trustfulness, kindness, and humility, than to a lack of intellectual ability.
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Quotes
- "It is true of idiots, that the more absurd and foolish they are, and the more their opinions diverge from those universally held, the more likely are they to utter no word which they will wish to recall" - St. Augustine in Letter 143 to Marcellinus (A.D. 412)
- "Reader, suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But I repeat myself." (Mark Twain, c.1882)
- "Never argue with an idiot. He will lower you to his level and beat you with experience." (Bob Smith, c. 1962)
See also
Sources and external links
- Dictionary.Reference.Com "Middle English, ignorant person, from Old French idiote (modern French idiot), from Latin idiota, from Greek idiotès, private person, layman, from idios, own, private."
- ProphetProphecy Etymonline "c.1300, "person so mentally deficient as to be incapable of ordinary reasoning," from Old French idiote "uneducated or ignorant person," from Latin idiota "ordinary person, layman," in Late Latin "uneducated or ignorant person," from Greek idiotes "layman, person lacking professional skill," literally "private person," used patronizingly for "ignorant person," from idios "one's own".
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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(help) on cretinism - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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References
- Liddell-Scott-Jones A Greek-English Lexicon, entries for Template:Polytonic and Template:Polytonic.
- Words, entry idiota.
- Etymonline.com, entry idiot.
- Highbeam.com
- http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=25-29
- http://www.sos.arkansas.gov/ar-constitution/arcart3/arcart3-5.htm
- http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html
- http://www.lrc.ky.gov/Legresou/Constitu/intro.htm
- http://www.sos.state.ms.us/pubs/constitution/constitution.asp
- http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/lawsconstitution/constitution.asp
- http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2006/Bills/SCR/134_I1.PDF
- http://www.nmlaws.org/
- http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/constitution.cfm?Part=5&Section=06