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Carl Hewitt

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Carl Hewitt
File:Carl Hewitt (FLoC 2006).jpgCarl Hewitt at FLoC 2006
Nationality American
Alma materMIT
Known forPlanner
Actor model
Open Systems
Scientific Community Metaphor
Unstratified Reflective Paraconsistent Logic
Organizational Computing Metaphor
AwardsIBM Japan Chair at Keio
Scientific career
FieldsEducation
Mathematics
Computer Science
Logic
Philosophy and Sociology of Science
InstitutionsMIT (Emeritus)
Doctoral advisorSeymour Papert
Doctoral studentsGul Agha
Russ Athkinson
Henry Baker
Gerry Barber
Peter Bishop
Will Clinger
Peter de Jong
Irene Greif
Kenneth Kahn
Bill Kornfeld
Aki Yonezawa

Carl E. Hewitt is an Associate Professor (Emeritus) in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Hewitt obtained his PhD in mathematics at MIT in 1971, under the supervision of Seymour Papert, Marvin Minsky, and Mike Paterson. He is known for his design of Planner , which was the first Artificial Intelligence programming language based on procedural plans that were invoked using pattern-directed invocation from assertions and goals. He is also know for the Actor model of computation .

Hewitt's work on Planner introduced the notion of the "procedural embedding of knowledge", which was an alternative to the logical approach to knowledge encoding for artificial intelligence pioneered by John McCarthy (Minsky and Papert ). A subset of Planner called Micro Planner was implemented by Gerry Sussman, Eugene Charniak and Terry Winograd. It was used in Winograd's famous SHRDLU program, and Eugene Charniak's natural language story understanding work. (Minsky and Papert ) At Edinburgh, Julian Davies implemented essentially the whole language (Davies ).

Hewitt's first publication was with Manual Blum proving impossibility results for automata on a 2-dimensional tape (Blum and Hewitt 1967). Using program schemata in collaboration with Mike Paterson, Hewitt proved that recursion is more powerful than iteration and that parallelism is more powerful than recursion. Using participatory semantics, he proved that coroutines are more powerful than recursion and that Concurrency is more powerful than parallel coroutines.The Ultraconcurrency Revolution in Hardware and Software

The work of Hewitt et. al. on the Actor model built on Lisp, Simula, capability-based systems, packet switching and Smalltalk '72 , and was influential in the development of the Scheme programming language In collaboration with Henry Baker, he published physical laws for computation which they then used to derive the continuity criterion for computable functions of Dana Scott.

Together with Bill Kornfeld, he developed the Scientific Community Metaphor. He has also made contributions in the areas of garbage collection, programming language design and implementation, primitives for structured concurrent programming (Atkinson and Hewitt ; Hewitt, Attardi, and Lieberman ), Organizational Computing (Hewitt and Inman ; Hewitt ), negotiation (Hewitt and Manning ; Hewitt ), logic programming,, denotational semantics of concurrency, and paraconsistent logic (Hewitt ) with his students and colleagues. Work on the Scientific Community Metaphor led to academic work on the characterization and development of Open Systems (Hewitt and de Jong , Hewitt , Hewitt and Inman ). Joint work with Carl Manning, led to the development of Participatory Semantics (Hewitt and Manning ).

Subsequently Hewitt has worked to integrate sociology, anthropology, organization science, the philosophy of science, and Services Science into information science.

He has an interest in massive concurrency. The Ultraconcurrency Revolution in Hardware and Software

Publications of Carl Hewitt

  • Manuel Blum and Carl Hewitt. Automata on a 2-Dimensional Tape FOCS 1967.
  • Carl Hewitt. PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots IJCAI. 1969.
  • Mike Paterson and Carl Hewitt. Comparative Schematology MIT AI Memo 201. August 1970.
  • Carl Hewitt. Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner IJCAI. 1971.
  • Carl Hewitt. Description and Theoretical Analysis (Using Schemata) of Planner, A Language for Proving Theorems and Manipulating Models in a Robot AI Memo No. 251, MIT Project MAC. April 1972.
  • Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger. A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence IJCAI. 1973.
  • Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop, Irene Greif, Brian Smith, Todd Matson, Richard Steiger. Actor Induction and Meta-Evaluation POPL January 1974.
  • Carl Hewitt, et. al. Behavioral semantics of nonrecursive control structures Symposium on Programming. 1974.
  • Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes IFIP-77, August 1977a.
  • Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker Actors and Continuous Functionals Proceeding of IFIP Working Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. August 1–5, 1977b.
  • Henry Baker and Carl Hewitt The Incremental Garbage Collection of Processes Proceeding of the Symposium on Artificial Intelligence Programming Languages. SIGPLAN Notices 12, August, 1977c.
  • Carl Hewitt and Russ Atkinson. Specification and Proof Techniques for Serializers IEEE Journal on Software Engineering. January, 1979.
  • Carl Hewitt, Beppe Attardi, and Henry Lieberman. Delegation in Message Passing Proceedings of First International Conference on Distributed Systems Huntsville, AL. October, 1979.
  • Carl Hewitt. Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages Journal of Artificial Intelligence. June, 1977.
  • William Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt. The Scientific Community Metaphor IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. January 1981.
  • Henry Lieberman and Carl Hewitt. A real Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects CACM. June, 1983.
  • Carl Hewitt and Peter de Jong. Analyzing the Roles of Descriptions and Actions in Open Systems Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. August 1983.
  • Carl Hewitt. Offices Are Open Systems ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 4(3): 271-287 (1986).
  • Henry Lieberman and Carl Hewitt. Design Issues in Parallel Architectures for Artificial Intelligence IEEE CompCon Conference, March 1984.
  • Carl Hewitt. The Challenge of Open Systems Byte Magazine. April 1985. Reprinted in The foundation of artificial intelligence---a sourcebook Cambridge University Press. 1990.
  • Carl Hewitt. Towards Open Information Systems Semantics Proceedings of 10th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence. October 23–27, 1990. Bandera, Texas.
  • Carl Hewitt. Open Information Systems Semantics Journal of Artificial Intelligence. January 1991.
  • Carl Hewitt and Gul Agha. Guarded Horn clause languages: are they deductive and Logical? International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems, Ohmsha 1988. Tokyo. Also in Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Vol. 2. MIT Press 1991.
  • Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman. DAI Betwixt and Between: From ‘Intelligent Agents’ to Open Systems Science IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Nov. /Dec. 1991.
  • Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning. Negotiation Architecture for Large-Scale Crisis Management AAAI-94 Workshop on Models of Conflict Management in Cooperative Problem Solving. Seattle, WA. August 4, 1994.
  • Carl E. Hewitt. From Contexts to Negotiation Forums AAAI Symposium on Formalizing Context. November 10–11, 1995. Cambridge Mass.
  • Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning. Synthetic Infrastructures for Multi-Agency Systems Proceedings of ICMAS '96. Kyoto, Japan. December 8–13, 1996.
  • Carl Hewitt (2006a). The repeated demise of logic programming and why it will be reincarnated What Went Wrong and Why: Lessons from AI Research and Applications. Technical Report SS-06-08. AAAI Press. March 2006.
  • Carl Hewitt (2006b) What is Commitment? Physical, Organizational, and Social COIN@AAMAS. (Revised version in Springer Verlag Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Edited by Javier Vázquez-Salceda and Pablo Noriega. 2007) April 27, 2006.
  • Carl Hewitt. Large-scale Organizational Computing requires Unstratified Paraconsistency and Reflection COIN@AAMAS. April 23, 2007.

References

  1. Carl Hewitt. PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots IJCAI. 1969.
  2. Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger. A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence IJCAI. 1973.
  3. Carl Hewitt. Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner IJCAI. 1971.
  4. Gerry Sussman and Terry Winograd. Micro-planner Reference Manual AI Memo No, 203, MIT Project MAC, July 1970.
  5. Terry Winograd. Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language MIT AI TR-235. January 1971.
  6. Mike Paterson and Carl Hewitt. Comparative Schematology MIT AI Memo 201. August 1970.
  7. Filman, Robert (1984). "Actors". Coordinated Computing - Tools and Techniques for Distributed Software. McGraw-Hill. pp. pp. 145. ISBN 0-07-022439-0. Carl Hewitt and his colleagues at M.I.T. are developing the Actor model. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); line feed character in |title= at position 25 (help)
  8. Kay, Alan (March 1993). "The Early History of Smalltalk" (PDF). ACM SIGPLAN. 28 (3): 69–75. See Smalltalk influence
  9. Krishnamurthi, Shriram (December 1994). "An Introduction to Scheme". Crossroads. 1 (2).
  10. Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes IFIP-77, August 1977
  11. Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker Actors and Continuous Functionals Proceeding of IFIP Working Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. August 1–5, 1977
  12. William Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt. The Scientific Community Metaphor MIT AI Memo 641. January, 1981.
  13. Henry Lieberman and Carl Hewitt. A real Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects CACM. June, 1983.
  14. Carl Hewitt (2006a). The repeated demise of logic programming and why it will be reincarnated What Went Wrong and Why: Lessons from AI Research and Applications. Technical Report SS-06-08. AAAI Press. March 2006.
  15. ^ Carl Hewitt What is Commitment? Physical, Organizational, and Social COIN@AAMAS. April 27, 2006.
  • Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. “Progress Report on Artificial Intelligence” MIT AI Memo 252. 1971.
  • Julian Davies. "Popler 1.6 Reference Manual" University of Edinburgh, TPU Report No. 1, May 1973.

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