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Khazaria also known as Khazar khaganate or Khazar khanate was the country of the Khazars, neighboring the Byzantine Empire in the southwest, Kievan Rus' in the northwest, Volga Bulgaria in the north, and Azerbaijan in the southeast. This Turkic people adopted Judaism in the 8th or 9th century, becoming the only Jewish state ever without Abrahamic ascendence.

As an independent state, Khazaria existed between about 652 and 1016. Its supreme ruler was known by the title khagan. Its last khagan was named George Tsul. Much of Khazaria was covered by steppe land. Khazaria bordered the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The Volga River (known as Itil or Atil) passed through eastern Khazaria.

Major cities of Khazaria included:

Along the Caspian coast and Volga delta:

Atil

Khazaran

Samandar

In the Caucasus:

Balanjar

Sambalut

Samiran

Sarir

Maghas (Alan capital)

Sukhumi (Abkhazian capital)

In the Crimea and Taman region:

Kerch (also called Bospor)

Feodosia

Mangup (also called Doros)

Samkarsh (also called Tmutorokan, Tamatarkha)

Sudak (also called Sugdaia)

In the Don valley:

Sarkel

References

• Bibliography of Khazar Studies, 1901-Present
• History of Khazaria

• Russian history
• Jewish Russian and Soviet history
• History of China
• Former countries