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The Republic of Chile, or La República de Chile, is a republic located on the southwestern coast of South America. It is the land between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It shares borders with Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. It is known for its varied geography, its poets and the legacy of military regime headed by Augusto Pinochet.

History
Main article: History of Chile

In 1531 the spanish conquered Peru from the Incas. One of the Conquistadors in that voyage was Diego de Almagro. He left in 1535 to the South of Peru after territorial disputes. He is credited with being the discoverer of Chile. However he did not leave any lasting marks on the territory. It wasn't until to voyage of Pedro de Valdivia 1540-1541 that a permanent Spanish precense was established. Valdivia founded a string of villages on his way south. Finally, on 12th of February 1441 he founded Santiago.

A Spanish colony until the 1810s, after gaining its independence, Chile has had a remarkably stable institutional life, with only a handful of interruptions, the longest and most recent being the government of Augusto Pinochet.

Politics
Main article: Politics of Chile

The country's current constitucion was addopted in 1980 during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet and sought to preserve the influence of parties frendly to the then ruling military regime. Altough there exist various projects to reform the constitucion, non have been adopted after more then 10 years of return to democratic rule.

Executive Branch is headed by the president of the republic. Currently Ricardo Lagos. The president also appoints the cabinet members. The president is chosen for 6year terms and cannot be re-elected.

Judical Branch has the Supreme court as its highest institucion. For question related to the constitucion there is the constitucional tribunal, which also has the right to veto reform of the country's constitucion.

Legislative Branch is made up of 2 chambers.

• The Senate which has 38 members of which Nine are not democraticly chosen but rather apointed from various institucions such as the military and the judical system. The rest of the Senators are chosen for Eight year terms in a ackward bi-nominal election system which assures that both left and right parties are evenly balanced within the Senate.
• The Chamber of Deputies has 120 members, all of which are democraticly chosen. Deputies serv 4year terms.

For any law to be passed, a law has to pass through both chambers and be aproved by the president of the republic (who has a limited veto right). The chambers and the president can all propose new laws.

Although there are some known cases of corrupcion in Chile, there is no rampant abuse of power by public officals.

Regions

Chile is divided into 13 regions, each of which is headed by an intendente. Every region is further divided into provinces with a Gobernador provincial. Finally each province is divided into various Comunas each with its own mayor.

Each region is designated by a name and a Roman numeral. Numbers are asigned from north to south. In general the Roman numeral is used, rather then the name. The only exception is the region where santiago is situated, which is designated RM because it was added later.

• I: Tarapaca,
• II: Antofagasta,
• III: Atacama,
• IV: Coquimbo,
• V: Valparaiso
• RM: Region Metropolitana (Santiago),
• VI: Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins,
• VII: Maule,
• VIII: Bio-Bio,
• IX: Araucania,
• X: Los Lagos,
• XI: Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo,
• XII: Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena,

Geography
Main article: Geography of Chile

The climate varies widely from subtropical in the north, passing by the most arid desert in the world, the Atacama desert, through a fertile valley in the center, to a cold and damp south, originally covered by forest. The Mediterranean quality of the central valley made it ideal for the cultivation of table fruits, which are one of Chile's main exports, and the production of wine, also a growing export.

Economy
Main article: Economy of Chile

Demography
Main article: Demography of Chile

The population is mostly mestizo, with some of the original ethnic groups remaining in the south, on Easter Island, and in the mountains in the north. Other minor ethnic groups are the result of some more recent European immigration, mostly from Germany.

The level of education is high, and Chileans are proud of having two winners of the Nobel Prize in literature: Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda.

Culture
Main article: Culture of Chile

Miscellaneous topics

The national anthem is Himno Nacional. The national flag is white, blue and red with one star. Blue represents the sky, white represents the snow of the mountains, and red the blood of patriots who fought for independence. The single star stresses the fact that Chile is an unitarian republic, not a federation:

The national flower is the copihue, that lives in the woods in the southern part of Chile:

File:Flower copihue.gif

The shield-of-arms depicts the two national animals: the condor (a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (an animal that lives in the woods). It also has the legend Por la razon o la fuerza, venceremos (By reason or strength, we will prevail):

File:Shield cl.gif

• List with the Presidents of Chile

Based on the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the U.S. Department of State website. Some pages might be modified by wikipedia users.

• History
• Geography
• People
• Government
• Economy
• Communications
• Transportation
• Military
• Transnational Issues

External links