Sixteen Kingdoms - Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 76.50.112.87 (talk) at 14:27, 5 July 2007. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Revision as of 14:27, 5 July 2007 by 76.50.112.87 (talk)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

Part of a series on the

History of China

Prehistoric

Paleolithic

Neolithic (c. 8500 – c. 2000 BCE)

Yellow, Yangtze, and Liao civilization

Ancient

Xia (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BCE)

Shang (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BCE)

Late Shang (c. 1250 – c. 1046 BCE)

Zhou (c. 1046 – c. 256 BCE)

Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE)

Eastern Zhou (771–256 BCE)

Spring and Autumn (c. 770 – c. 476 BCE)

Warring States (475–221 BCE)

Imperial

Qin (221–207 BCE)

Han (206 BCE – 220 CE)

Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BCE)

Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE)

Xin (9–23 CE)

Eastern Han (25–220 CE)

Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE)

Wei, Shu, and Wu

Jin (266–420)

Western Jin (266–316)

Eastern Jin (317–420)

Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)

Northern and
Southern dynasties (420–589)

Sui (581–618)

Tang (618–907)
- Wu Zhou (690–705)

Five Dynasties and
Ten Kingdoms (907–979)

Song (960–1279)

Northern Song (960–1127)

Southern Song (1127–1279)

Liao (916–1125)
Western Xia (1038–1227)
Jin (1115–1234)

Yuan (1271–1368)

Ming (1368–1644)

Qing (1644–1912)

Modern

Republic of China (mainland, 1912–1949)

People's Republic
of China (1949–present)

Republic of China (Taiwan,
1949–present)

Sixteen Kingdoms

History

The 16 Kingdoms

Xiongnu	Han-Zhao (304–329) Northern Liang (397–460) Xia (407–431)
Di	Cheng-Han (304–347) Former Qin (351–394) Later Liang (386–403)
Jie	Later Zhao (319–351)
Xianbei	Former Yan (337–370) Later Yan (384–409) Western Qin (385–431) Southern Liang (397–414) Southern Yan (398–410)
Qiang	Later Qin (384–417)
Han	Former Liang (318–376) Western Liang (400–421) Northern Yan (407–436)

Other states

Short-lived	Ran Wei (350–352) Duan Qi (350–356) Western Yan (384–394) Zhai Wei (388–392) Huan Chu (403–404) Qiao Shu (405–413)
Tribes	Yuwen Duan
States	Chouchi (296–580) Dai (310–376) Northern Wei (386–535)

Involved

Key personalities

Histories of the Era

The Sixteen Kingdoms (simplified Chinese: 十六国; traditional Chinese: 十六國; pinyin: Shíliù Guó), or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas from 304 to 439 CE after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. Originally, the term was first introduced by Cui Hong in the lost historical record, Shiliuguo Chunqiu (the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms) and restricted to sixteen kingdoms of this era, namely the states of Han Zhao, Later Zhao, Cheng Han, Former Liang, Later Liang, Northern Liang, Western Liáng, Southern Liang, Former Yan, Later Yan, Northern Yan, Southern Yan, Former Qin, Later Qin and Western Qin and Xia. The term has been broadened to included all sovereignities from 304 to 439. These do not all exist through the entire period.

A less used term, the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms represents this turbulent era from 304 to 439.

Almost all rulers of the kingdoms were part of the Wu Hu ethnicity and claimed to be the emperors and wangs (kings). The Han Chinese founded the four states: Northern Yan, Western Liang, Former Liang and the state of Wei. Six Chinese rulers of the Former Liang remained titularly under the government of the Jin Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty is not counted as one of the Sixteen Kingdoms even though it was founded during the Period.

Rulers of each of the Kingdoms are listed in relevant articles.

Preceded byWestern Jin Dynasty

Sixteen Kingdoms
304 – 439

Succeeded bySouthern and Northern Dynasties

See also