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Murder of Michael Briggs

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Manchester, New Hampshire

The 2006 Manchester, New Hampshire police shooting was an incident that took place on October 16, 2006 in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States. The incident occurred when police officer Michael Briggs was shot while on duty. Briggs was later transported to the hospital before dying of his injuries. The suspect, Michael "Styx" Addison, fled the state of New Hampshire, prompting a manhunt by police. 15 hours after the shooting, Addison was arrested in Dorchester, Massachusetts and was extradited back to New Hampshire. Addison was charged with the shooting of Michael Briggs and fleeing police. Addison was transported to the Suffolk County Jail with $2 million (2006 USD) in bail (contrary to other news reports). The incident prompted prosecutors to seek the death penalty for Michael Addison, which caused a debate about the place of capital punishment in New Hampshire. Recent news reports indicated that the October 12, 2006 shooting and a string of crimes that occurred a week earlier resulted in two more people connected with Addison were arrested and questioned by authorities.

A week after the shooting, a memorial service was held on October 21, 2006, and state and local politicians and various charity organizations expressed their condolences to the Briggs family and the community of Manchester. In January 2007, the Manchester Police Department retired Michael Briggs' badge number in honor of the fallen officer. In March 2007 a trial date for Addison was set for early September of 2008.

The capital murder trial of Michael Addison was the first for the state of New Hampshire since Gordon E. Perry was indicted for capital murder charges for the shooting of Officer Jeremy Charron.

Background

Michael Briggs

Michael Briggs (1971-2006) was born in Epsom, New Hampshire, and served in the United States Marines from 1991-1995 after graduating from Pembroke Academy in 1990. From 1995-2001 he worked as a correctional officer and police officer for the Epsom Police Department. On May 2, 2001, Briggs became a police officer for the Manchester Police Department and was assigned as a bicycle police officer. Briggs graduated from the New Hampshire Police Academy in November 2001. In 2004, he received a life-saving medal after saving residents from a burning building. He was awarded the Congressional Law Enforcement Award in October 2005 for the same actions. Briggs was a member of the New Hampshire Police Association and friend and co-worker of Jeremy Charron, who died in 1997.

Michael "Styx" Addison

Michael "Styx" Addison (b. 1980) was a resident of Manchester, New Hampshire. Before the October 16, 2006 shooting, Addison had previous run-ins with the police. In 1997, Addison was charged with assault and battery after an armed robbery attempt, that resulted in Addison being sentenced 2-3 years in prison for that crime and three years of probation upon his release on his 21st birthday. In 2000, however, Addison was sentenced to jail again for violating his probation. In October 2003, Addison was arrested and charged with false imprisonment of an adopted child and sentenced to six months. A month later, Addison was charged with criminal restraint after a dispute over drug money. Addison was sentenced to six months in prison for that charge. In addition, Addison had previous run-ins with Officer Briggs. In 2002, Addison was arrested by Briggs near the Queen City Bridge. In March 2003, Addison received first aid by Briggs after a shooting incident.

In his childhood, Addison was adopted after his father Lucious Addison was disabled during combat in the Vietnam War.Many family relatives described him as a loving and responsible parent to his son despite his criminal record. In a 2004 juvenile court case, a paternity test proved that Addison was the father of that child. As of October 2006, the child is currently adopted by someone else.

October 16, 2006 Shooting

On October 16, 2006, Officer Michael Briggs and his partner John Breckenridge were responding to a domestic disturbance call involving Addison and Antonie Bell-Rodgers. When the two officers spotted the suspects, Briggs ordered them to stop. Bell-Rodgers stopped but Addison continued walking away. When Officer Briggs commanded Addison to stop, Addison turned and shot Briggs. Bell-Rodgers surrendered to police but Addison fled the crime scene. Later, police found Addison's gun and t-shirt. In a court reenactment, eyewitnesses claimed that moments before the shooting, they saw a dark gray van and two men jumping out of it and running north towards Lincoln Street where the shooting took place.

A manhunt was launched after the shooting, as SWAT teams and local police searched throughout the city of Manchester looking for Addison. A SWAT team showed up at an apartment building where Addison's girlfriend Angela Swist lived and found clothing stained with blood in a bathtub and a bottle of bleach nearby and questioned Swist. Later the police conducted search warrants at two other apartment buildings where they found more evidence. The manhunt forced several schools to be placed under lockdown as police and SWAT teams searched vehicles leaving or coming to work or school. The search later expanded into Massachusetts after an Internet search revealed Addison's previous address in Massachusetts and police using GPS to track his cell phone calls to an apartment building outside of Boston where Addison was later found by police.After a stand-off with police, Addison was soon arrested.

Extradition and charges

Addison was extradited back to New Hampshire and denied his role in the murder. During a taped interview, Addison told his story six different times before confessing to authorities that he shot at the police officers coming towards him. The Manchester District Court charged Addison with capital murder. As a result of the charge, prosecutors against Addison sought the death penalty as stated under New Hampshire state law that a murder of a police officer is punishable by death. Later Addison was also charged with armed robbery, conspiracy and felony possession of a firearm in relation to a five day crime spree that started a week before the shooting.

Investigation and further arrests

An investigation conducted by local officials followed the shooting. During the investigation two women connected to Michael Addison turned themselves in to police after authorities issued warrants for their arrest and the fact that they were accused of robbing a 7-Eleven store five days before the shooting. During an interview with police, one of the women, Angela Swist, told officers that she drove Addison and Anthonie Rodgers to the 7-Eleven on October 11, where Addison and his accomplice robbed the store and fled. She also admitted that she was the driver of the get-away car.

Antoine Bell-Rogers, one of the men arrested at the scene of the October 16, 2006 shooting, was charged with firing a handgun at an apartment and felony possession of a firearm but was not charged in connection with the shooting of officer Michael Briggs. A grand jury, however, charged Rodgers with armed robbery and conspiracy after robbing a convenience store five days before the shooting. A bail of $50,000 (2006 USD) was set in October 2006 and was upheld in January 2007. On March 5, 2007, Bell-Rodgers asked the court to have his felony charges dropped.

On March 28, 2007, the Hillsborough County Superior Court re-indicted Bell-Rodgers of the weapons charges after a defense lawyer tried to dismiss Bell-Rodgers original indictment. That same day, Teresia Shipley pleaded guilty for the charges of helping Addison robbing a convenience store days before the shooting.

Trial

File:New Hampshire State House 2004.JPG
New Hampshire State House
  • November 17, 2006: A pre-trial hearing was conducted, in which police officers told the judge about the shooting on October 16, 2006. The pre-hearing also allowed the officers and Judge William Lyons to place Michael Addison in superior (or state) court based on evidence. Some lawyers and legal observers suggested that the trial of Michael Addison could take years.
  • February 16, 2007: Defenders of Michael Addison complained about how the grand jury improperly subpoenaed records and eyewitness testimonies, as court rules stated that state prosecutors cannot present psychological evaluations, juvenile and other records without authorization of the judge.
  • February 23, 2007: Addison was indicted on his capital murder charges by a grand jury.
  • February 27,2007: Addison pleaded not guilty of the capital murder charges during the five minute court hearing. Another court hearing was set for March 6.
  • March 14, 2007: Kathleen A. McGuire set a date for jury selection for Michael Addison's capital murder trial to be conducted on September 2, 2008. McGuire stated that the trial will start on that date after jury selection.
  • March 23, 2007: Attorneys defending Michael Addison planned to contest the use of capital punishment. That plan includes revisiting controversial issues about the law after a previous trial back in 1997 when a man convicted of murdering a police officer escaped the death penalty. In addition, the defense attorneys wanted to move Addison's trial to another courthouse that had stricter security in order to prevent the newspaper and television media from taking photographs of Addison while he is in prison and entering or leaving the courthouse. The defense's claim arose from the concern that photographs of Addison would complicate his right to a fair trial. The claim was opposed by prosecutors who wanted the trial to remain in Manchester and argued that moving Addison to a different courthouse would interfere with the trial. On April 13, 2007, the judge rejected the defense attorneys' request to move Addison's trial hearings to another courthouse on the grounds that the trial of Addison will not impact on jury selection and any images printed by the media would not change Addison's status as they were already published.
  • April 27, 2007: Michael Addison was charged with armed robbery in relation of a robbery incident at a restaurant on October 10, 2006 which occurred during a string of crimes and before the October 16 shooting.
  • May 31, 2007: Attorneys for Michael Addison stated that the New Hampshire Supreme Court should halt all proceedings due to claims of how the courts handled the death penalty case for Addison. These claims included that the court not impose the death penalty case at all or that it enact certain rules pertaining to how the courts would handle a death sentence.

Aftermath

Charities

The Manchester Police Patrolman's Association set up a charity fund for the Briggs family after the shooting. A charity set up the Portsmouth Police Department raised over $13,000 (2006 USD), while residents of Portsmouth raised over $1,000 (2006 USD). The Manchester Monarchs ice hockey team, in partnership with WGIR radio, raised over $55,000 (2006 USD) though auctions. The president of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health gave the mayor of Manchester a $5,000 (2006 USD) check during a ceremony. The organization also set up a scholarship for the children of Michael Briggs which covers the tuition at the collage in Manchester. The only report of a charity scam was from Boston; this resulted in two men being arrested. Police reports indicated that the men took advantage of Officer Briggs' murder by going around and asking for money for the Briggs family. About 62 people were reported being scammed by the perpetrators. Both men were charged with running the scam and impersonating police officers. Both men were also held on $10,000 (2006 USD) bail.

Memorial

On October 21, 2006, friends and family of Michael Briggs and many residents of Manchester gathered at a memorial service held at at the Lambert Funeral Home and later at the Merchantsauto.com Stadium after a long funeral procession though the city. Nearly 800-4,000 officers from across the state of New Hampshire were at the memorial service. Flowers and makeshift memorials were left at the police station as a tribute to Michael Briggs. The American Red Cross also attended the memorial service.

The funeral procession and memorial service closed down parts of Elm Street and suspended parking and meter restrictions (although some were reserved for the memorial service).

The Union Leader newspaper named Michael Briggs as the New Hampshire Citizen of the year on December 31, 2006

On January 27, 2007, the Manchester Police Department retired the badge number (number 83) of Officer Michael Briggs during a ceremony outside the police station.In addition to the retirement of Michael Briggs' badge number, the police department presented the family the flag that flew over the police station the day of Briggs' death and a plaque that has Briggs' picture on it which hangs on the front lobby of the police department.

On March 20, 2007, the New Hampshire Fisher Cats minor league baseball team announced that they will retire the number 83 in honor of Officer Briggs on May 21, 2007. The number will be retired next to the number of Jackie Robinson (which is 42). In addition, team members will wear special jerseys carrying the patch of the Manchester Police Department and Officer Briggs' badge number.

In Epsom, a traffic was renamed to honor Michael Briggs and Jeremy Charron on June 4, 2007.

Response to the October 16, 2006 Shooting

Political response

  • United States Senator John E. Sununu of New Hampshire made a statement on October 17 saying, "Our law enforcement officers risk their lives on a daily basis for our safety. Officer Michael Briggs was no stranger to this duty, serving his country and community with bravery and courage until his tragic death." Sununu added, "Kitty and I send our deepest condolences and prayers to his family and are keeping all the members of the Manchester Police Department foremost in our thoughts at this difficult time."
  • Senator John Gregg said in his news release that he and his wife expressed their condolences to the Briggs family and added that Officer Briggs dedicated his life protecting the nation and community and recognized that the Manchester Police Department had suffered a huge loss in the wake of the shooting.
  • Governor of New Hampshire John Lynch released his statement saying that his and his wife's thoughts and prayers were with the Briggs family and stated that Officer Briggs' courage and commitment set an example to others. He also added that, "The murder of a police officer strikes at the very heart and fabric of our society. And I expect the state will prosecute the person responsible for this heinous and cowardly crime to the fullest extent of the law." Lynch also asked that all American and state flags be lowered to half staff in honor of Michael Briggs. Lynch also also stated that he will give Attorney General Kelly Ayotte "full support" in seeking the death penalty for Michael Addison.
  • The Mayor of Manchester, Frank Guinta, extended his condolences to the Briggs family and said, "I cannot even begin to imagine the pain and suffering they are going through at this time." He also extended condolences to the Manchester Police Department, fire department and the residents of Manchester. He asked that all flags be lowered to half staff the day after Briggs' funeral.
  • Republican Congressman Jeb Bradley expressed sympathy for the Briggs family and stated that police officers put their lives on the line every day.
  • Attorney General Kelly A. Ayotte stated in an October 18 press release that the Joint Legislative Fiscal Committee had approved $450,000 (2006 USD) in order to pursue a capital murder case against Michael Addison. She then stated, “On behalf of all New Hampshire law enforcement, my office, and myself, I express sincere appreciation to the members of the Joint Legislative Fiscal Committee for acting so promptly and decisively to ensure that the Attorney General’s Office has the resources necessary to vigorously and effectively prosecute Michael Addison for the murder of Officer Briggs.” Ayotte added, “This action by our legislature demonstrates the commitment of our State to support the men and women of law enforcement who work hard every day to keep our communities safe.”
  • On March 7, 2007, the New Hampshire state government passed a bill named "Michael's Law" on a 3-0 vote. The bill recommends the state of New Hampshire to pay $100,000 dollars (USD) to the families of any police officer or fire fighter killed on duty after October 1, 2006 and allows the state to buy insurance to cover cost benefit payments.

Local response

  • On October 17, 2006, the family of Michael Briggs released a statement about the loss of Officer Briggs and how Briggs loved his job serving with the Manchester Police Department. The family also stated that they were touched by the compassion from the community of Manchester and the support from Briggs' fellow police officers.
  • Gene Robinson, bishop of the Episcopal diocese of New Hampshire, stated in an article that appeared in the Concord Monitor on October 28 and 29 that the killing of Officer Michael Briggs was a horrible crime but criticized the death penalty case against Michael Addison.
  • The number of neighborhood watch groups and programs in Manchester quickly rose (14 as of October 2006) in response to Officer Briggs' death.
  • Roger Amadon, the chief of the Epsom Police Department which Briggs worked for stated that the officer's death was unfair.
  • Russel Knee, who knew Michael Addison, said that Addison did not shoot Briggs deliberately and suggested that if Addison did shoot the officer deliberately it was in a scared reaction. Knee pointed out that Addison's reactions to police were bright, drawing attention to Addison's previous criminal record.

Media involvement

Many local and state news media outlets in New Hampshire and Massachusetts reported the death and memorial of Officer Briggs. Many local newspapers like the New Hampshire Union Leader had special coverage of the shooting and memorial on their websites. Other newspapers like the Portsmouth Herald, Boston Globe and the Washington Post also reported on the shooting and memorial of Michael Briggs.

Many television stations in New Hampshire also reported on the shooting and memorial of the fallen officer. One station, WMUR, televised the funeral procession and memorial service on October 21, 2006. However, a court ruling prohibited television and radio stations performing live broadcast of the murder trial (although one camera is allowed) according to a rule started by the New Hampshire Supreme Court in 2004. WMUR petitioned that ruling, and on April 13, 2007 another court ruling stated that the pre-trial hearings could be broadcast on television on a one hour delay in case something unexpected occurs that cannot be televised.

The shooting also attracted attention from television networks outside of New Hampshire, such as MSNBC and FOX News, which covered the shooting, trial and memorial on their websites.

New Hampshire Public Radio also aired coverage of the death of Michael Briggs and the memorial service.

Michael Briggs' memorial was also posted on sites like MySpace.com and YouTube.

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ New Hampshire Police Association. "Officer Michael Briggs". Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  2. ^ "Officer Michael Briggs". The Officer Down Memorial Page. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  3. CBS 4 News. "Suspect In N.H. Cop Shooting Held Without Bail". CBS. Retrieved 2006-12-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. Associated Press. "Capital murder suspect in court". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  5. ^ Jonathan Saltzman. "N.H. revives death-penalty issue". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  6. Associated Press (2006). "Up to 30 to 60 days before Addison is returned to New Hampshire". Portsmouth Herald. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  7. WMUR (2006). "Biography of Officer Michael Briggs". Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  8. ^ Kathryn Marchocki. "Addison has violent past". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
  9. McGee, Tracy. "November 2003: Addison guilty in Derry criminal restraint case". Union Leader. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
  10. Hayward, Mark and Kathryn Marchocki. "Death penalty sought". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
  11. ^ Associated Press (2006). "Officer once gave first aid to his accused killer". Rutland Herald. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  12. Laurel Sweet and Liz Fiandaca (2006). "Addison's family had high hopes for him". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  13. Seacoast Online (2006). "Capital murder case goes forward". Portsmouth Herald. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
  14. Pat Grossmith (2007). "Charges upgraded to capital murder". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  15. ^ Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Addison: I won't be taken alive". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  16. AP (2006). "Schools locked down after officer is shot". MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  17. Katherine Webster (2006). "Suspect caught in police shooting". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  18. United Press International (2006). "Police use GPS to find suspect's phone". Science Daily. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  19. Beverley Wang (2006). "Suspect in fatal shooting of officer held without bail". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  20. Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Officer's Murder Described in Court Hearing". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  21. Kathryn Marchocki (2006). "Accused cop killer returns to court". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  22. Son Hoang (2006). "Women connected to Addison, Hudson robbery arraigned". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  23. Scott Brooks (2006). "Bell-Rogers' bail doubled". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  24. Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Associate of alleged killer asks court to drop charge". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  25. New Hampshire Union Leader (2007). "Bell-Rogers re-indicted over giving Addison gun". Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  26. Nashua (2007). "Woman admits helping rob Hudson store with Addison". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  27. unknown. "In pre-trial hearing, police tell how Addison allegedly shot Briggs". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  28. Associated Press (2006). "Lawyer: Case against Addison could take years". Boston Herald. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  29. Kathryn Marchocki (2006). "Defense raises questions about investigation of man accused in slaying of Officer Briggs". Union Leader. Retrieved 2006-02-26.
  30. Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Accused killer indicted". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  31. Union Leader (2007). "Addison set to be arraigned Tuesday in superior court". Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  32. Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Addison pleads not guilty". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  33. Paula Tracy (2007). "Accused cop killer voted $134k for defense". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
  34. Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Briggs killing trial slated". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  35. Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Addison may contest death penalty law". Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  36. ^ Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Addison defense wants pretrial hearings moved". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  37. ^ Associated Press (2007). "Addison hearings will not move". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  38. Kathryn Marchocki (2007). "Another robbery charge leveled against Addison". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  39. Garry Rayno (2007). "Addison lawyers: Case can't proceed". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  40. WCVB (2006). "Fund Set Up For Briggs Family". Internet Broadcasting Systems Inc. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  41. Adam Leech (2006). "Fallen, not forgotten". Portsmouth Herald. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  42. American Hockey League (2006). "Monarchs, WGIR Raise Over $55,000 For Officer Briggs' Family". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  43. NH Insider (2006). "Mayor and Police Receive Gift on Behalf of Briggs Family". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  44. WHDH (2006). "Two accused of running charity scam head to court today". Sunbeam Television Corp. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  45. The Boston Channel (2006). "Boston Scam Targets Slain Officer Fund". Officer.com. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  46. CBS 4 News (2006). "Mourners Pay Final Respects To Fallen Officer". Retrieved 2007-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. WBZ-TV (2006). "Hundreds Attend Wake For Slain Police Officer". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  48. American Red Cross (2006). "Red Cross at Officer Briggs' Funeral". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  49. ^ WMUR (2006). "Funeral Procession, Memorial Plans For Fallen Officer". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  50. Michael Cousineau (2006). "Citizen of the Year: The New Hampshire Police Officer". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  51. WPTZ (2007). "Manchester Police Retire Badge Number Of Slain Officer". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  52. MSNBC (2007). "Manchester Police retire badge of slain officer". WHDH. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  53. Concord Monitor (2007). "Briggs to be honored". Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  54. Greta Cuyler (2007). "Fallen officers honored in Epsom". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  55. Barbara Riley (2006). "SUNUNU STATEMENT ON OFFICER MICHAEL BRIGGS". United States Senate. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  56. Erin Rath (2006). "U.S. Senator Judd Gregg Statement on Manchester Police Officer Michael Briggs". United States Senate. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  57. Gov. Lynch (2006). "Statement of Gov. John Lynch On the Death of Officer Michael Briggs". State of New Hampshire. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  58. Katherine Webster (2006). "New Hampshire Officer Dies from Injuries in Shooting". Officer.com. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  59. WCVB (2006). "Mayor Frank Guinta Statement On Briggs' Death". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  60. WCVB (2006). "Statement From Bradley On Briggs' Death". Retrieved 2006-02-08.
  61. Kelly A. Ayotte (2006). "Joint Legislative Fiscal Committee Authorizes Funds for Capital Murder Prosecution". New Hampshire Department of Justice. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  62. Union Leader (2007). "Panel recommends Michael's Law passage". Retrieved 2007-03-16.
  63. WCVB (2006). "Statement From Officer Michael Briggs' Family". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  64. Gene Robinson (2006). "Death penalty would do no honor to Briggs". The Diocese of New Hampshire. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  65. WCAX (2006). "Neighborhood watch groups sprouting up after officer's death". Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  66. New Hampshire Troopers Association (2006). "NH Troopers Association". Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  67. Nicholas Brown (2006). "Murdered officer was Epsom native". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  68. Pat Grossmith (2006). "Woman who gave ride to Addison didn't know he was wanted man". Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  69. Union Leader (2007). "Union Leader Special Coverage on the 10/16/06 shooting". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  70. Washington Post (2006). "Washington Post coverage on the shooting". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  71. Associated Press (2006). "Court bans live audio, video of officer murder trial". Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  72. FOX News. "FOX News coverage of the shooting". Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  73. Debra Daigle (2006). "Manchester Mourns Death of Police Officer Michael Briggs". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  74. Myspace.com (2006). "memorial site on Myspace.com". Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  75. YouTube (2006). "Officer Briggs Funeral on Youtube". Retrieved 2007-02-09.
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