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Revision as of 06:46, 2 September 2007 by TruthHider (talk | contribs) (→"Free Mumia" campaign)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Mumia Abu-Jamal | |
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| File:Mumiaabujamal.png | |
| Born | (1954-04-24) April 24, 1954 (age 70) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Nationality |  USA |
| Education | Goddard College (BA); California State University, Dominguez Hills (MA) |
| Occupation | Journalist/Prisoner |
| Spouses | 1.Biba (former) 2.Marilyn "Peaches" Jamal (former) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent | Edith Cook (mother) |
Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook April 24, 1954) is a former Black Panther Party activist, cab driver and local journalist from Philadelphia convicted for the murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981. He is serving a presently undefined sentence of imprisonment at State Correctional Institution - Greene near Waynesburg, Pennsylvania in consequence. Originally sentenced to death, that sentence was quashed and resentencing ordered in December 2001 by a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Both he and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have appealed the ruling alternately as to the appropriateness of affirming the conviction and that of disaffirming the validity of the original sentence.
His celebrated case has received international attention. Supporters and human rights campaigners variously assert that he is innocent, that the incident in question was a setup, that he did not receive a fair trial, and/or express their opposition to the possibility of the administration of the death penalty. Skeptics and opponents assert that he is guilty, that he received the benefit of due process and was legitimately convicted of murder. Execution proponents among these assert that under Pennsylvania law, his eventual judicial execution is warranted and mandated by the nature of his crime.
The attention received has spawned controversies surrounding references to him in music and naming of public places, as well as his status as a celebrated author, honoree of municipal, educational and civil society organizations, and his engagement as a radio host, writer and commencement speaker in the United States.
Early life, activism, journalism career
Born Wesley Cook, he was given the name Mumia in 1968 by his high school teacher, a Kenyan instructing a class on African cultures in which students took African classroom names. He formally adopted the name appending Abu-Jamal as his choice of surname after the birth of his son Jamal on July 18, 1971. "Mumia" is Swahili in origin. Abu-Jamal means "father of Jamal" in Arabic. He has not at any point asserted that his choice of name relates to religious conversion to Islam and he has never asserted that he is a Muslim. He expresses his religious beliefs, which follow no denomination, in his poetry book "Death Blossoms", wherein he continually expresses a belief in a Mother God who coexists with all male religious understandings and which he chooses to refer to by the name of "Mama".
His political consciousness was sharpened by the circumstance of his suffering a beating at the hands of white racists and police while also being charged with assault for his efforts to disrupt a George Wallace for President rally in 1968. In 1969 he helped form Philadelphia’s branch of the Black Panther Party, taking appointment as its chapter Lieutenant Minister of Information exercising a responsibility for authoring propaganda and news communications. The same year he dropped out of Benjamin Franklin High School and took up residence in the branch's headquarters. He spent the winter of 1969 in New York and the spring of 1970 in Oakland, living and working with BPP comrades in those cities. He was a Party member for the period from May 1969 until October 1970, and was subject to some degree of FBI COINTELPRO surveillance during that time and afterwards continuing through until about 1974.
Through the 1970s, he fathered Lateefa and Mazi, his youngest child. His first marriage, to Biba when he was aged 19, proved to be short-lived. Mazi’s mother is his second former wife, Marilyn a.k.a. "Peachie".
After leaving the Panthers he returned to high school, was elected the president of the student body, then expelled because of his actions in leading protests to change the school name to Malcolm X High. For a number of semesters thereafter he studied at Goddard College in rural Vermont and attained some broadcasting industry experience at its student radio station. By 1975 he was pursuing a vocation in radio newscasting, first at Temple University's WRTI and then at commercial enterprises. In 1975 he was employed at radio station WHAT and he became host of a weekly feature program of WCAU-FM in 1978. He was also employed for brief periods at radio station WPEN. From 1979 he worked at WUHY public radio station until 1981 when he was asked to submit his resignation in a dispute over reporting the news objectively.
As a radio journalist he was renowned for identifying with and giving exposure to the MOVE militant activist back-to-nature community in Philadelphia's Powelton Village neighborhood including reportage of the 1979-80 trial of certain of its members (the "MOVE Nine") charged with the murder of police officer James Ramp. He predicted that their commune would be attacked, and in 1985 the MOVE house was indeed firebombed by police during a stand-off between MOVE members and city officials - killing 11 people and destroying an entire row of houses.
At the time of the murder of Daniel Faulkner, Abu-Jamal worked as a taxicab driver for the United Cab Company in Philadelphia. He was at that time also the outgoing President of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists and had been working part-time concurrently as a reporter for WDAS.
Murder, arrest, trial
Main article: 1982 trial of Mumia Abu-JamalIn the early hours of December 9, 1981, around 3:51 a.m., Philadelphia Police Department officer Daniel Faulkner was shot and killed during an altercation that ensued from a routine traffic stop of a vehicle driven by William Cook, Abu-Jamal's younger brother.
The following sequence of events was presented in evidence by the prosecution before the jury at his trial:
1. During the traffic stop, Cook assaulted Faulkner, who in turn attempted to subdue Cook.
2. Abu Jamal emerged from a nearby parking lot and shot Faulkner in the back.
3. Faulkner was able to return fire, seriously wounding Mumia.
4. Abu Jamal then advanced on Faulkner, fired some additional shots at close range, one of which struck Faulkner in the face causing his death.
5. Abu Jamal was unable to flee due to his own gunshot wound, and was taken into custody by other police officers, who had been summoned by Faulkner at the time of the traffic stop.
In Abu-Jamal's possession was a .38 caliber revolver that records showed he had purchased in 1979. The cylinder of the revolver had five spent cartridges. He was taken directly from the scene of the shooting to a hospital and was treated for his injury. Witnesses, including a security guard working at the hospital, stated that while Abu-Jamal was receiving medical treatment, he acknowledged that he shot Daniel Faulkner (see "Hospital bed" confession). The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania contends that Abu-Jamal's version of events is not supported by testimony and physical evidence brought into consideration at his trial: that, in particular, it is inconsistent with the finding that a weapon registered in his name was identified as the weapon known to have administered the fatal gunshots to Daniel Faulkner's body.
He was charged with first-degree murder. He initially retained the services of criminal defense attorney Anthony Jackson. In May 1982 he announced that he would represent himself, with Jackson continuing to act as his legal advisor. The judge initially acquiesced to this but, in time, reversed his attitude of acceptance citing the effect of Abu-Jamal's deemed "disruptive" behavior in the court.
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Abu-Jamal repeatedly and vociferously dissented from accepting the judge's rulings on points of law to the extent that he was removed from representing himself and it was ordered that Jackson resume the role of acting as his sole advocate. The case went to trial in June 1982 at Philadelphia's City Hall.
Prosecution witnesses at trial
Four eyewitnesses to the shooting were produced by the prosecution:
1. Robert Chobert, a cab driver;
2. Michael Scanlon, a businessman who had been visiting from out of town on the night of the killing;
3. Cynthia White, a prostitute who was later revealed to be a police informant;
4. Albert Magilton, a pedestrian
These witnesses testified to the effect that they were at the scene at the time of the shooting, and each identified Abu-Jamal as the person who shot Daniel Faulkner.
"Hospital bed" confession
The prosecution presented three additional witnesses: security officer Priscilla Durham and two members of the Philadelphia Police Department, all of whom testified that while Abu-Jamal was being treated for gunshot wounds he had twice proclaimed:
I shot the motherfucker, and I hope the motherfucker dies.
Contrary to those witnesses, some witnesses are recorded as having reported that Abu-Jamal was completely unconscious during the time that he was reported to have uttered it.
The original report of Gary Wakshul, a police officer who confirms to having accompanied him throughout the entire period of his arrest and medical treatment, states that he "made no comment." Officer Wakshul elsewhere later stated that he witnessed Abu-Jamal's utterance of the "hospital bed" confession on the night of the killing, such statement being made almost three months after the arrest and upon the occasion when the prosecutor met with police seeking to test the evidence about Abu-Jamal's alleged utterance of it. Wakshul is recorded as having reasoned that he "didn't think the confession was important" at the time he wrote his original report. Judge Albert F. Sabo did not permit the trial jury to receive Gary Wakshul's original report as evidence.
Defense witnesses at trial
"Running man" defense
A number of witnesses made statements - either to police on the scene or in court testimony or both - describing the fact of one or more men were running along the street shortly after the shooting. At trial, the defense presented statements made by four of these witnesses: Deborah Kordansky, Robert Chobert, Veronica Jones, and Desie Hightower.
This became known as the "running man theory", based on the possibility that a "running man" may have been the actual shooter. Of those witnesses, only Chobert averred to actually witnessing the shooting. He testified that shortly after the shooting he had told police that he had seen Abu-Jamal shoot Daniel Faulkner in the face, and that Abu-Jamal had then run a short distance and collapsed on the sidewalk - himself having also been shot by Faulkner. In other words, Chobert's testimony was that Abu-Jamal himself was the running man.
The remaining three witnesses made various statements about a man or men running in or away from the area. None of them claimed that the running man, or men, were involved in the shooting.
Witnesses not called at trial
Several material and potentially material witnesses were not called to testify at trial. Some were subsequently heard from at post-conviction review hearings in the period 1995-7 or otherwise had their statements incorporated into appeal briefs filed on behalf of Abu-Jamal.
Abu-Jamal did not testify in his own defense. Regarding this he has explained:
"At my trial I was denied the right to defend myself. I had no confidence in my court-appointed attorney, who never even asked me what happened the night I was shot and the police officer was killed; and I was excluded from at least half the trial. Since I was denied all my rights at my trial I did not testify. I would not be used to make it look like I had a fair trial."
It has been noted that Abu-Jamal was removed from the courtroom at least 13 times during the course of the legal proceedings and trial in 1982 by reason of what the judge deemed to be intentionally disruptive actions on his part.
Abu-Jamal did not state his version of events for the initial police investigation, nor for almost another 20 years afterwards until subsequent to his third set of lawyers offering the 1999 affidavit of Arnold Beverly. Beverly purported to confess that he was in fact the person who had shot Daniel Faulkner as part of a contract killing connected with a desire to keep Faulkner from interfering with graft and payoffs to corrupt police.
Abu-Jamal's May 2001 sworn statement avers that he had been sitting in his cab across the street when he heard the sound of gunshots. It asserts that, upon seeing his brother standing in the street staggering and appearing disoriented Abu-Jamal ran across the street to him and was shot by a uniformed police officer. It also incorporates Abu-Jamal's claim to have been tortured by the police while he was still in need of medical assistance for his wounds.
For a similar period, William Cook also did not testify or make any statement whatsoever about events other than his utterance at the crimescene:
I ain't got nothing to do with this.
On April 29, 2001, he belatedly authored a declaration to the effect that he would be willing to testify and that both he and his brother "had nothing do with shooting or killing the policeman".
William Singletary has stated that he directly witnessed the entire incident and that he would be willing to testify that Abu-Jamal was not the gunman. Singletary's post-conviction review hearing testimony of August 11, 1995 described that police tore up two of his written statements and that he was prevailed upon to sign a different statement which they dictated.
Court stenographer Terri Maurer-Carter stated in an affidavit of August 2001 that in the presence of herself and two others the presiding Judge had exclaimed:
regarding Abu-Jamal's case shortly before the start of the trial.
On April 24, 2003, Kenneth Pate, the step-brother of Priscilla Durham, swore a declaration incorporating the following relevant content:
"I read a newspaper article about the Mumia Abu-Jamal case. It said Priscilla Durham had testified at Abu-Jamal's trial that when she was working as a security guard at the hospital she heard Abu-Jamal say that he had killed the police officer. When I read this I realized it was a different story from what she had told me.” .. .. "Did you hear him say that?”" answered, "All I heard him say was: 'Get off me, get off me, they're trying to kill me'."
Pate reported that the conversation occurred "sometime around the end of 1983 or the beginning of 1984", while he was in the same prison as Abu-Jamal. His affidavit was released during another period in which both he and Abu-Jamal were housed in the same prison - a time postdating the death of Ms Durham. Pate's affidavit has been tendered as evidence by Abu-Jamal’s lawyers to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 2006.
Physical evidence
A .38 caliber handgun he had purchased to defend himself as a cab driver in 1979 was found at the scene next to him, containing 5 spent shell casings. Coroner Dr. Paul Hoyer, who autopsied Daniel Faulkner, contemporaneously recorded that he extracted a .44 caliber bullet noting "shot w/ 44 cal". He later testified to the effect that his description of it had been a "rough guess" based on his own observations, that he was not a firearms expert and that he had not received any training in weapons ballistics.
Tests performed with the available physical evidence verify that Daniel Faulkner was killed by a .38 caliber bullet. The extracted slugs identified as Federal brand .38 Special +P bullets with hollow bases. It may be noted that the hollow base in a +P bullet is distinguishable from Federal ammunition otherwise used at that time. The type, brand, and caliber of the extracted bullets all match those of the shell casings obtained from Abu-Jamal's Charter Arms revolver which was retrieved at the scene. That manufacturer is known for rifling the barrels of their revolvers with eight lands and grooves, variant to the six present in all other firearms.
Experts testified that the bullet taken from Abu-Jamal had been fired from Daniel Faulkner's service weapon. George Fassnacht, a ballistics expert proferred by the defense, did not dispute any of the prosecution's findings.
Amnesty International has made reference to the physical evidence to the extent of expressing their view that there was:
".. a lack of adequate ballistic tests to determine whether gun had recently been fired. It was not determined, for instance, whether there was residue on his hands from firing a gun."
In a 1995 hearing, another defense ballistics expert testified that due to Abu-Jamal's struggle with the police during his arrest, such a test would have been difficult to accomplish and, due to the gunpowder residue possibly being shaken or rubbed off, would not have been scientifically reliable.
The jury delivered a guilty verdict after three hours of deliberations. In the sentencing phase of the trial Abu-Jamal read from a prepared statement without being sworn or examined by the attorney for either party, and he declined to call any mitigating witnesses.
Death sentence and reactions
Abu-Jamal was subsequently sentenced to death by the unanimous decision of his jury on July 3, 1982. The date of the sentence is recorded as May 25, 1983. Judicial execution in Pennsylvania is by means of lethal injection and would occur at the State Correctional Institution - Rockview.
The Philadelphia Office of the District Attorney, Daniel Faulkner's family, the Fraternal Order of Police, and numerous other law-enforcement-related organizations have expressed approval of the conviction and sentence - being of a view that Abu-Jamal murdered Daniel Faulkner while the latter was making a lawful arrest in the line of police duty, and that Abu-Jamal had received a fair trial. Maureen Faulkner, the wife of the deceased, has been a notably vehement advocate for the cause of upholding the verdict and original sentence.
District Attorney Lynne Abraham has stated that the case was the "most open-and-shut murder case" she'd ever tried, and that Abu-Jamal:
"Never produced his own brother, who was present at the time of the murder, (yet) he has offered up various individuals who would claim that one trial witness or another must have lied; or that some other individual has only recently been discovered who has special knowledge about the murder; or that someone has fallen out of the skies, who is supposedly willing to confess to the murder of Officer Faulkner."
Appeals and legal developments
Main article: Mumia Abu-Jamal legal proceedings1989 - 2000 State appeals
Direct appeal of his conviction was considered and denied by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on March 6, 1989, subsequently denying rehearing. On October 1, 1990, the Supreme Court of the United States denied his appeal for writ of certiorari, and his petition for rehearing twice up to June 10,1991.
On June 1, 1995 his death warrant was signed by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge. Its execution was suspended while Abu-Jamal pursued post-conviction review, the outcome of which was a unanimous decision by six judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on October 31, 1998 that all issues raised by him were without merit. On October 13, 1999, Governor Ridge signed a second death warrant.
2001 Federal ruling directing resentencing
Judge William H. Yohn Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania voided the sentence of death on December 18, 2001, citing "irregularities" in the original process of sentencing.
Particularly,
"When the jury instructions and verdict sheet employed in Jamal’s case are considered, it becomes apparent that there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the . . . instruction in a way that prevents the consideration of constitutionally relevant evidence, regarding the existence of any named mitigating circumstances."
He ordered the State of Pennsylvania to commence sentencing proceedings anew within 180 days and ruled that it was unconstitutional to require that a jury's finding of the existence of a mitigating factor with regard to sentencing be a unanimous one in relation to one or more such factors discretely named on a checklist provided at the outset of deliberations. Eliot Grossman and Marlene Kamish, attorneys for Abu-Jamal, criticised the ruling on the grounds that it denied the possibility of a trial de novo at which they could lead evidence to establish their case that their client had been the subject of a frameup. Both parties appealed.
2005 Federal higher appeal
On December 6, 2005, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit admitted four issues for appeal of the ruling of the United States District Court:
- in relation to sentencing, whether the jury verdict form had been flawed and the judge's instructions to the jury had been confusing
- in relation to conviction and sentencing, whether racial bias in jury selection existed to an extent tending to produce an inherently biased and unprofessional jury and therefore an unfair trial (the Batson claim)
- in relation to conviction, whether the prosecutor improperly attempted to reduce jurors' sense of responsibility by telling them that a guilty verdict would be subsequently vetted and subject to appeal
- in relation to post-conviction review hearings in 1995-6, whether the presiding Judge - who had also presided at the trial - demonstrated unacceptable bias in his conduct.
On March 17, 2006 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania filed its appeal seeking to reinstate the sentence of death. Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell has pledged to sign a third execution warrant should the appeal be upheld in that regard. On October 23, 2006, Abu-Jamal's counsel filed their reply brief. They asked the Third Circuit Court to reverse the prior ruling on the basis that it would be the "only remedy .. available to correct .. injustice and excessive bias that .. denied a fair trial".
The Third Circuit Court heard oral arguments in the appeals on May 17, 2007, at the United States Courthouse in Philadelphia. The appeal panel consisted of Chief Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica, Judge Thomas Ambro, and Judge Robert Cowen. Maureen Faulkner traveled from Southern California to be in attendance. Abu-Jamal's attorneys sought to obtain a new trial, while the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania challenged Judge Yohn's ruling insofar as it had presumed to invalidate the outcome of the original sentencing procedure.
Life as a prisoner
Disciplinary
On August 31, 1982 he was segregated after a fight with guards at Holmesburg Prison.
Activism, writings, educational pursuits
Since imprisonment, Abu-Jamal has continued his political activism, publishing Live from Death Row, a book on life inside prisons, and other works during the more recent years of his incarceration (see Sources). He has attained a Bachelor of Arts from Goddard College and a Master of Arts from California State University, Dominguez Hills, both by distance education during the course of his imprisonment. The New College of California School of Law has presented him with an honorary J.D. degree.
Claim of 1992 confession
In 1999, Vanity Fair revealed that a volunteer named Phillip Bloch visited Abu-Jamal in prison in 1992 and asked him whether he regretted killing Faulkner, to which it was reported that he replied:
"Yes."
Bloch, otherwise a supporter of Abu-Jamal's case, stated he came forward after he grew concerned about the vilification of Daniel Faulkner. In response, Abu-Jamal is reported to have said "A lie is a lie, whether made today or 10 years later", and thanked Vanity Fair "...not for their work but for stoking this controversy, because controversy leads to questioning, and one can only question this belated confession."
NPR contract
In May 1994 Abu-Jamal was commercially engaged by National Public Radio's All Things Considered program to deliver a series of monthly 3-minute commentaries addressing issues of crime and punishment. The broadcast plans and commercial arrangement were cancelled following widespread condemnatory public outcry in anticipation. The commentaries appeared in print in May 1995.
"Public speaking"
In 1999, Abu-Jamal was invited to deliver the keynote address for the graduating class at The Evergreen State College. He accepted, and a recording of his speech was played at the commencement ceremony, being that he was not legally permitted to attend in person. The event was protested heavily by police officers from around the US. Among other schools whose graduates he has addressed are Antioch College, UC Santa Cruz, Kent State University, Occidental College. His radio program airs regularly and may be listened to online at Prison Radio.
Foreign honours controversy
House Resolution 407
On May 19, 2006, Michael Fitzpatrick (R-PA) introduced a concurrent resolution designated House of Representatives Resolution 407, and on June 15, 2006, Richard Santorum (R-PA) introduced the identical Senate Resolution 102, being :
That Congress,
- condemn the murder of Philadelphia Police Officer Danny Faulkner
- urge the city of Saint-Denis to change the name of Rue Mumia Abu-Jamal, and, if they do not, urge the French government to take action against the city to change the name
- commend police officers all over the world for their commitment to public service and public safety.— Operative text of proposed HR407, 109th US Congress, May 19, 2006
On December 6, 2006, the House of Representatives voted 368-31 in favor of HR407, "Condemning the decision of St. Denis, France, to name a street in honor of Mumia Abu-Jamal, the convicted murderer of Philadelphia Police Officer Danny Faulkner."
Lawsuits involving French municipalities
On December 11, 2006, the executive committee of the Republican Party for the 59th Ward of the City of Philadelphia (covering approximately Germantown, Philadelphia, filed suit with two plaintes (criminal complaints on behalf of victims) in forums of the French legal system against the government of the city of Paris and the city of Saint-Denis citing the wrong of those cities' actions "glorifying" Mumia Abu-Jamal.
"Free Mumia" campaign
A broad international movement has allied in support of Mumia Abu-Jamal's cause with noteworthy opposition coalesced about the family of Daniel Faulkner, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the Fraternal Order of Police.
Whether to protest at perceived injustice affecting him or to deplore the possibility of future application of the death penalty in his and other cases, support encompasses that to date supplied by prominent American labor unions and congresses, acts by some US and foreign city governments, outspoken encouragement from a number of US and foreign artists and celebrities and notable persons, references in popular and underground music, the formation of groups of foreign parliamentarians and lawyers, resolutions sponsored by the NAACP and the Episcopal Church of the United States of America, interest adopted by human rights advocacy organisations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, and the persistence of activist cells variously known as chapters of the Free Mumia Coalition and the International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu-Jamal.
References
Footnotes
- Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party, by Todd Steven Burroughs Ph.D (Index)
- Mumia Abu Jamal Commentaries
- "Persons sentenced to execution in Pennsylvania as of August 1, 2007".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - "Amnesty International: new trial".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Guilty and Framed".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - "European Parliament resolution (p. 39 of original, 49 of pdf".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Index)".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ibid.
- Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party, by Todd Steven Burroughs Ph.D (Part 4)
- "Death Blossoms".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Kissinger, C. Clark (February 25, 2001). "On a Move, The Story of Mumia Abu-Jamal (Book review) Book review". Revolutionary Worker #1092.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 54 (help) - Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party, (Part 1)".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts" (PDF). See p.2.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 1)".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 2)".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 3)".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "The Religious Affiliation of Mumia Abu-Jamal".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 30 (help) - Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 4)".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Kissinger, C. Clark (February 25, 2001). "On a Move, The Story of Mumia Abu-Jamal (Book review)". Revolutionary Worker #1092.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Kissinger, C. Clark (February 25, 2001). "On a Move, The Story of Mumia Abu-Jamal (Book review)". Revolutionary Worker #1092.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Kissinger, C. Clark (February 25, 2001). "On a Move, The Story of Mumia Abu-Jamal (Book review)". Revolutionary Worker #1092.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Burroughs, Todd Steven. "Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Part 4)".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/12-10a.htm The Suspect - One Who Raised His Voice. Philadelphia Inquirer, December 10, 1981
- ibid.
- "The Suspect - One Who Raised His Voice". Philadelphia Inquirer. December 10, 1981.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Mediafilter.org biographical information on Mumia Abu-Jamal".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "20th Anniversary of Move Bombing". Metafilter.com community weblog. May 12, 2005.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - As stated in "All Things Censored" by Mumia Abu-Jamal (also mentioning his early journalism career)
- "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts, see p.2" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "30 Moments in Journalism". National Association of Black Journalists.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "The Suspect - One Who Raised His Voice". Philadelphia Inquirer. December 10, 1981.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - "1982 trial and post-conviction relief hearing transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "1982 trial transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "1982 trial and 1995-7 post-conviction relief hearing transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Day 1 Transcript of 1982 trial, from 1.82 for the rest of the day".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "1982 trial transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts, see p.2" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "1982 trial transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Bissinger, Buzz (August 1999). "The Famous And The Dead" (PDF). Vanity Fair. pp. p.10.
{{cite news}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) See - http://www.laboractionmumia.org/docs/021_YohnRuling.rtf December 2001 US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn which relates " was heard to twice say that “I shot the motherfucker, and I hope the motherfucker dies.”
- http://www.freemumia.org/intro.html Who is mumia? from mumia.org incorporating the statement "Abu-Jamal's doctor said that Abu-Jamal, who was unconscious, said nothing. He reported that a nurse found police with loaded guns pointed at Mumia as he lay unconscious in his hospital bed."
- Mumia Abu-Jamal (1997). Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case for Reasonable Doubt? (DVD of HBO TV Special). London, UK: Otmoor Productions.
- "1982 trial transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Komisar, Lucy (December 17, 1998). "Mumia Abu-Jamal 101". Albion Monitor.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "1982 trial transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "1982 trial transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "1982 trial transcripts" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Declaration of Mumia Abu-Jamal". May 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts (see pp.3,104)" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Affidavit of Arnold Beverly". Free Mumia Coalition. June 8, 1999.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Declaration of Mumia Abu-Jamal". May 3, 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Lopez, Steve (July 23, 2000). "Wrong Guy, Good Cause". Time Magazine.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Declaration of William Cook". Free Mumia Coalition. April 29, 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Minister of Information JR" (June 19, 2007). "William Singletary, eyewitness on the night Mumia was shot and framed - Part 2". San Francisco Bay View.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) Interview with William Singletary published 19 June 2007 - Kissinger, C. Clark (November 15, 1998). "Analysis of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Decision On Mumia Abu-Jamal". Revolutionary Worker #982. Revolutionary Worker.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Historical information on the death penalty and executions in Pennsylvania". Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=and|coauthors=(help) - "Statement of Terri Maurer-Carter". August 21, 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Declaration of Kenneth Pate". Free Mumia Coalition. April 18, 2003.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Declaration of Kenneth Pate". Free Mumia Coalition. April 18, 2003.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Brief on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal to the US Court of Appeal" (PDF). July 19, 2006.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Developments in the Mumia Abu-Jamal case". CNN.com/Law Center.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Mumia Reconsidered". DC Indymedia. November 6, 1998.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Trial transcipt for June 25, 1982.
- Kissinger, C. Clark (February 27, 2000). "Building a Railroad: The Suppression, Manipulation and Fabrication of Evidence". Revolutionary Worker #1044. Revolutionary Worker.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 21 (help) - ".38 Special LSWCHP +P: Still a Top Load?".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Testimony of Anthony L. Paul, Supervisor Firearms Identification Unit, Philadelphia Police Department. 1982 trial transcripts at p.168 for June 23, 1982" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "MUMIA ABU-JAMAL, Petitioner, v. MARTIN HORN, Commissioner, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, ET AL., Respondents. Memorandum and Order" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "USA: Mumia Abu-Jamal -- Amnesty International calls for retrial". Amnesty International, USA.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "COMMONWEALTH VS. MUMIA ABU-JAMAL aka WESLEY COOK - Post Conviction Review Act hearing transcripts of February 8, 1995".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts (see p.2)" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn". December 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts (see p.3)" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn". December 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Persons sentenced to execution in Pennsylvania as of August 1, 2007" (PDF). Pennslyvania Department of Corrections. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Information re death penalty and executions in Pennsylvania". Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Cavanaugh, Andrea (December 9, 2001). "Slain cop's widow wages long campaign to see justice done". MSNBC from Ventura County Star.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - >Gibson, Dave (January 13, 2007). "25 Years Later...Still No Justice for Officer Daniel Faulkner". The American Daily.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Saunders, Debra J. (December 21, 2001). "Mumia finds safety in numbers". Jewish World Review.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal, 555 A.2d 846 (1989).
- "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts (see p.3)" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn". December 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania, 498 U.S. 881 (1990).
- Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania, 501 U.S. 1214 (1991).
- http://www.laboractionmumia.org/docs/021_YohnRuling.rtf December 2001 US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn detailing the history, progression, and outcomes of all prior post-conviction appeals
- "Danielfaulkner.com summary of case facts (see p.3)" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ibid. p.4
- ibid. p.5
- "US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn". December 2001.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - December 2001 US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn
- "From the December 2001 US District Court ruling of Judge Yohn in MUMIA ABU-JAMAL v. MARTIN HORN (Commissioner, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections), ET AL".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Abu-Jamal's death sentence overturned". BBC News. December 18, 2001.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - See p.70 of the July 2006 appeal brief for Mumia Abu-Jamal before the US Court of Appeal citing the ruling of Judge Yohn in the US District Court, the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the United States Supreme Court precedent of Mills v Maryland, 486 U.S. 367 (1988)
- "Mumia still waiting for due process" (Press release). International Concerned Family
and Friends of Mumia Abu Jamal - Betsey Piette. March 6, 2003.
{{cite press release}}: line feed character in|publisher=at position 32 (help) - Muhammad, Jerry (July 17, 2006). "From France to Philadelphia: An evening of solidarity with Mumia Abu-Jamal". FinalCall.com News.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Lindorff, Dave (December 22, 2001). "Reversal of Fortune? Mumia's death sentence is overturned, for now". inthesetimes.com.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 21 (help) - Lindorff, Dave (December 8, 2005). "A victory for Mumia". Salon.com.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Bennett, Hans (April 4, 2007). "Mumia's Oral Arguments set for May 17". Pittspurgh Independent Media Centre.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Muhammad, Jerry (July 17, 2006). "From France to Philadelphia: An evening of solidarity with Mumia Abu-Jamal". FinalCall.com News.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Lindorff, Dave (December 22, 2001). "Reversal of Fortune? Mumia's death sentence is overturned, for now". inthesetimes.com.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 21 (help) - "October 2006 reply brief to the US Court of Appeal on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal" (PDF). Prisonradio.org.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Partisan Defense Committee Says: For Class-Struggle Defense to Free Mumia Now!". Partisan Defense Committee. May 19, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 33 (help) - "Mumia Abu-Jamal's case before Federal court". Philadelphia Inquirer. May 17, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Appeals court won't step down from Abu-Jamal case". Philadelphia Inquirer. April 21, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=150221 Everything2.com about Mumia Abu-Jamal
- "New College of California School of Law - list of honorary degree recipients".
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Bissinger, Buzz (August 1999). "The Famous And The Dead" (PDF). Vanity Fair. p. 6.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) See p.6 - Mackler, Jeff (August 1999). "Vanity Fair and ABC-TV Stories of Mumia's 'Confession' Collapse". Socialist Action.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Carter, Kevin L (May 16, 1994). "A voice of Death Row to be heard on NPR". Philadelphia Inquirer.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Carter, Kevin L (May 17, 1994). "Inmate's broadcasts cancelled". Philadelphia Inquirer.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Inmate's commentaries, dropped by NPR, will appear in print". Philadelphia Enquirer. March 6, 1995.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Mumia Abu-Jamal to Speak at College Graduation Ceremonies" (Press release). Peter Bohmer of Evergreen State College, Washington State. May 26, 1999.
- Reynolds, Mark (June 2, 2004). "Whatever Happened to Mumia Abu-Jamal?". Popmatters.com.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Abu-Jamal, Mumia. "Mumia Abu-Jamal's Radio Broadcasts - essay transcripts and archived mp3 recordings". PrisonRadio.org.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "HR 407, [[109th US Congress]]". GovTrack.us.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - "SR 102, 109th US Congress". GovTrack.us.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "Vote results for Roll Call 527". US House of Representatives. December 6, 2006.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - "59th Republican Ward Executive Committee Files Criminal Charges Against Cities of Paris and Suburb for 'Glorifying' Infamous Philadelphia Cop-Killer" (Press release). 59th Republican Ward Executive Committee - City of Philadelphia. December 11, 2006.
Sources
- Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Live from Death Row. HarperTrade, 1996. ISBN 0-380-72766-8
- Abu-Jamal, Mumia. All Things Censored. Seven Stories Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58322-022-4
- Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Death Blossoms: Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience. South End Press, 2003. ISBN 0-89608-699-2
- Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Faith of Our Fathers: An Examination of the Spiritual Life of African and African-American People. Africa World Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59221-019-8
- Abu-Jamal, Mumia. We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party. South End Press, 2004. ISBN 0-89608-718-2
- Amnesty International. The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Life in the Balance (Open Media Pamphlet Series). Open Media, 2001. ISBN 1-58322-081-X
- Bisson, Terry On a Move: The Story of Mumia Abu-Jamal 2001
- Burroughs, Todd Steven Ph.D Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party
- Kissinger, Clark The 'Judicial Death' of Cynthia White
- Lindorff, David. Killing Time. Common Courage Press, 2002. ISBN 1-56751-228-3
- Williams, Daniel R. Executing Justice: An Inside Account of the Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal. St. Martin's Press, 2002. ISBN 0-375-76124-1
External links
- Accuracy In Academia A 1999 article examining the evidence put by prosecutors to secure the murder conviction of Mumia Abu-Jamal
- DanielFaulkner.com An organization supportive of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's case against Mumia Abu-Jamal
- Archived files of Mumia Abu Jamal's essays composed and read from his cell on 'death row'.
- Collection of Philadelphia Inquirer articles about the Mumia Abu-Jamal case 1981-1998
- July 2006 appeal brief to the US Court of Appeal
- Page of the Free Mumia Abu-Jamal Coalition, NYC.
- Page of the International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu-Jamal.
- Running from the truth, by Maureen Faulkner
- The Case of Mumia Abu Jamal, by Terry Bisson from New York Newsday, 1995.
- The Danny Faulkner Story The Fraternal Order of Police's description of events taking place on the night of Daniel Faulkner's death
- The Fight to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal: Mumia Is Innocent!, The Partisan Defense Committee
- The Mobilization To Free Mumia Abu-Jamal
- The Mumia Case: Support from NAACP, But a Movement in Shambles, article by David Lindorff for Counterpunch, July 16 2004.
- What Happened That Night: A New Look at the Framing of Mumia Abu-Jamal
- What's Mumia Got to Do With It? by Marc Cooper, examining opposition to the death penalty and its relationship to the "Free Mumia" campaign.
- Wrong Guy, Good Cause Time Magazine featured coverage examining Mumia Abu-Jamal, related political campaigns, and the issue of capital punishment in the United States of America
| Preceded by | President of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists January 1981 - January 1982 |
Succeeded byJoe Davidson |