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Economy of Ohio

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Ohio's state quarter. It states "Birthplace of Aviation Pioneers," in which Ohio's aerospace and defense industry is still economically strong.

The economy of Ohio, with Ohio being situated in the United States' Corn Belt and near the East Coast and being 600 miles within 60% of the US' and Canada's populations make it an economic powerhouse in various industries, most notably the agriculture and food processing industries, while many historically strong industries, such as motor vehicle manufacturing, are steadily declining in favor of new and emerging sectors.

One example of a strongly developing industry in Ohio is the food processing sector of the food processing and eatery industry. Ohio's food processing industry processes an estimated $23.5 billion of shipments annually. Some of the largest food processing plants in the world are also located in Ohio: the world's largest yogurt processing plant is operated by Dannon in Auglaize County, Campbell's operates the world's largest soup processing plant in Napoleon, Heinz operates the world's single largest ketchup processing plant in Fremont, and General Mills operates the world's largest frozen pizza processing plant in Wellston.

Wal-Mart is by far the largest single employer in Ohio, with approximately 52,000 Ohio employees. The largest Ohio employer with headquarters in Ohio is Kroger, with approximately 36,500 employees, and headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio.

General statistics

File:Wall mart supercentre canada vaughan Jan08.jpg
Wal-Mart is the single-largest private sector employer in Ohio, with approximately 52,000 employees in Ohio. Ohio's private sector is composed of 921,000 employers, which hire around 50.4% of Ohio's workfore, excluding agricultural operations.

Ohio's gross state product was $461 billion as of 2006. If Ohio were to be its own country, it would rank below the Netherlands and above Turkey in nominal gross domestic product. Ohio's single largest percentage of gross state product by sector comes from the manufacturing sector, with 19.3% of the gross state product. This is closely followed by financial activities sector, which accounts for 18.3% of the gross state product. It has also been estimated that Ohio, having a developing technology sector, is home to over 28,000 employers that employ nearly 820,000 people in a variety of different industries. Ohio has a 14% higher rate of technology operations than the US average. Wal-Mart is the largest single private sector employer, with approximately 52,000 Ohio employees.

Ohio's job outlook is optimistic, for in the 10-year period of 2004-2014, Ohio's employment is expected to grow by approximately 7.3%, adding approximately 425,800 jobs to Ohio. Personal income grew an average of 4.4% in Ohio in 2006. Of Ohio's approximate 5,477,000 employees, approximately 777,200 (14.3%) work in the manufacturing sector; some major employers of manufacturing include Timken Company, General Motors, and Honda. Ohio's two leading exports are motor vehicles and machinery. Ohio's exports are delivered to 205 countries and account for 3.9% of the US' total exports, many of these exports motor vehicles and machinery.

Major employers

The following is a list of the top 10 Ohioan employers with headquarters in Ohio.

Rank Employer Number of Ohio employees Headquarters location
1 Kroger 36,500 Cincinnati, Ohio
2 Cleveland Clinic Health System 29,000 Cleveland, Ohio
3 Ohio State University 24,400 Columbus, Ohio
4 Catholic Healthcare Partners 23,000 Cincinnati, Ohio
5 University Hospitals of Cleveland 21,800 Cleveland, Ohio
6 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base 18,260 Dayton, Ohio
7 Bob Evans Farms 17,500 Columbus, Ohio
8 OhioHealth 14,500 Columbus, Ohio
9 National City Corp. 14,250 Cleveland, Ohio
10 Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company 14,135 Columbus, Ohio

The following is a list of the top Ohioan employers with headquarters anywhere in the world.

Rank Employer Number of Ohio employees Headquarters location
1 Wal-Mart 52,000 Bentonville, Arkansas
2 Kroger 36,500 Cincinnati, Ohio
3 Cleveland Clinic Health System 29,000 Cleveland, Ohio
4 Ohio State University 24,400 Columbus, Ohio
5 Catholic Healthcare Partners 23,000 Cincinnati, Ohio
6 University Hospitals of Cleveland 21,800 Cleveland, Ohio
7 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base 18,260 Dayton, Ohio
8 Bob Evans Farms 17,500 Columbus, Ohio
9 JPMorgan Chase 17,100 New York, New York
10 Meijer 16,300 Grand Rapids, Michigan

Industries

GE Aviation is a major manufacturer of aircraft engines in Ohio. Aircraft engine manufacturing accounts for nearly 75% of Ohio's aerospace and defense industry workforce.

Aerospace and defense

Ohio's aerospace and defense industry is one of prominence in Ohio, although suffering some setbacks in recent years. Ohio produced the 5 most amount of aerospace products and parts compared to all 50 states in 2005. Despite this, Ohio ranks 8 in number of industry workers. Also, in 2005, in Ohio, workers made an annual average salary of $75,765, rather than $48,208 in the general manufacturing sector. As of February 2007, employment stood at 16,000 employees in the industry. Employment has been increasing after 2003, despite an overall decrease in employment since the industry's peak in 1990 of 37,000. The majority of Ohio's industry is involved in manufacturing aircraft engines, as nearly 75% of the state's aerospace and defense workers work in the aircraft engine manufacturing sub-sector. The only state that leads Ohio in a more numerous aircraft engine workforce is Connecticut. Notable aerospace and defense companies in Ohio include:

However, defense systems, although a smaller part of the industry, still play an important role in the industry. Ohio corporations were awarded around $5.5 billion of United States Department of Defense procurements. Some notable defense contractors include:

Agriculture

Tomatoes are an example of why Ohio's agriculture industry has deep relations with Ohio's food processing industry. Ohio is the 3 largest producer of tomatoes out of all 50 states in the United States, and, in turn, the world's largest ketchup processing plant is located in Fremont, Ohio.

Ohio's agricultural market is one of the strongest in the United States. Ohio ranks 1 in the production of Swiss cheese out of all 50 states, 2 in eggs, 3 in tomatoes, 6 in soybeans, and 6 in corn for grain. The agriculture and food processing and eatery industries are heavily intertwined in Ohio. For example, Ohio being the 3 largest producer of tomatoes in the United States in turn has the world's largest ketchup processing plant in Fremont, Ohio.

The number of farms in Ohio stood at 75,700, as of 2007, covering 14,200,000 acres of land. The average farm size was 188 acres. However, the number of farms slowly decreased from 2006, where the number of farms in Ohio stood at 76,200. The amount of land used for farms in Ohio also decreased from 2006, where 14,300,000 acres of land were used for agriculture . However, the dairy sector of Ohio's agriculture industry is experiencing rapid growth in Ohio. There were an estimated 274,000 dairy cows in Ohio in 2006, whereas there were an estimated 276,000 dairy cows in Ohio in 2007. Annual dairy production increased in Ohio, whereas there was an estimated 4,860,000,000 pounds of dairy produced in 2006, and an estimated 4,980,000,000 pounds of dairy produced in 2007.

Food processing and eateries

Heinz operates the world's single largest ketchup processing facility in Fremont, Ohio. It processes thousands of bottles of ketchup each day, much like the one above.

The food processing industry in Ohio is extremely successful, with $23.5 billion dollars in food shipments annually . The frozen food industry is the largest sub-sector, surpassing even the state of California by $700 million in frozen food shipments, in which Ohio ships $2.4 billion dollars of frozen food shipments annually. Ohio also ranks 1 out of every state in the United States in frozen food shipments and Ohio's frozen food industry accounts for 20.7% of the United States' frozen food processing. Several of the world's largest food operating plants are operated in Ohio: the world's largest yogurt processing plant is operated by Dannon in Auglaize County, Campbell's operates the world's largest soup processing plant in Napoleon, Heinz operates the world's single largest ketchup processing plant in Fremont, and General Mills operates the world's largest frozen pizza processing plant in Wellston . Major food processing companies in Ohio include Chiquita Brands International (Cincinnati), Kroger (Cincinnati), T. Marzetti Company (Columbus), The J.M. Smucker Co. (Orrville), and The Iams Company (Cincinnati). Other food processing sub-industries that Ohio lead in include pet food (8.4% of the nation's pet food, ranking in 2), ketchup and dressings(7.6% of the nation's ketchup and dressing production, ranking 2), cookies and crackers (9.9% of the nation's production, ranking 4), and soft drinks (6.2% of the nation's production, ranking 4). The county with the most food processing facilities is Hamilton County, followed by Franklin County and Stark County. Major eateries headquartered in Ohio include Bob Evans Restaurants (Columbus) and Wendy's (Dublin).

Information

Ohio is in the 1 quintile in the information industry, in terms of establishments for the information industry. In 2002, Ohio had reached 4,143 establishments, which are 3% of the United States' information establishments. Information establishments include printing and publishing establishments, broadcasting establishments, and telecommunications establishments. As of 2002, there were approximately 106,754 workers in Ohio working in the information industry. The total industry ranks 8 out of all 50 states in the number of establishments, and 9 in the number of paid workers, which was 106,754 in 2002. A main sector of the industry is the publishing sector. The sector ranks 9 out of all states in the number of establishments, which is 1,015, and ranks 10 in the number of employees in the sector, and 13 in its contribution to the gross state product. Another prime sector in Ohio's information industry is the broadcasting sector. The broadcasting sector ranks 9 out of all 50 states in the number of establishments, which is 1,954, 11 in number of paid workers, and 11 to its contribution to the gross state product, which is $6.6 billion.

Insurance

Ohio insurance employees work in a broad array of sub-industries. Around 44.8% of insurance employees work in fire, marine, and casualty insurance; this helps make Ohio the 4 largest casualty insurance state, in the measure of employees, trailing behind only California, New York, and Illinois.

Ohio is a major center for insurance corporations, ranking 6 out of all 50 states in the insurance industry, based on overall employment, and Ohio ranks 4 in casualty insurance out of all 50 states. As far as gross state product, from the period of 1990-1999 Ohio insurance contribution to Ohio's gross state product grew about 161% from $2.6 billion to $6.8 billion, despite population growth from 1990-2000 of only about 4.67%, from 10,847,115 to 11,353,140. Ohio's insurance employment is expected to grow continuously at a rate of 9.8%. Ohio is home to the 3 most claim examiners in the United States, out of all 50 states.

Five Fortune 500 companies are Ohio-based insurance companies. These companies are:

Iron and steel

Ohio's iron and steel industry has prominence in regards to employment rates, revenue, and the gross state product. To start, 14%-17% of all raw steel produced in the United States comes from Ohio. The sector of objects made from purchased steel in Ohio ranks 2 out of all 50 states, and 3 in the sector of iron, steel, and ferroalloys. As far as the sector with the greatest percentage of employees as compared to the rest of the United States, the electrometallurgical ferroalloy manufacturing sector in Ohio accounts for approximately 7 out of every 10 workers in the sector throughout the United States. The entire industry as a whole, although not as concentrated as the electrometallurgical ferroalloy manufacturing sector, employs 34,000 paid workers at 234 individual workplaces. Ohio's 234 workplaces make up 9.5% of the United States industry's workplaces, and the 34,000 paid workers make up 13.6% of the United States industry's workers. Of these workers and workplaces, the sector of iron, steel, and ferroalloys make up the largest sector in Ohio's industry, with 17,000 paid workers in 73 workplaces. However, despite Ohio's large presence in the iron and steel market, employment rates have declined in Ohio, generally atributed to weakening national economy. For example, over the 7 year period of 1998-2005, the number of Ohio iron and steel industry workers decreased from 52,700 to around 34,000, which was a decrease of about 35.6%. Looking ahead into the future, the Ohio Department of Development predicts that through the years 2004-2014, the decreases will not stop. The average annual salary for iron and steel industry workers in Ohio was $59,686, compared the national industry average of $53,352.

The three Fortune 500 iron and steel manufacturers that have their world headquarters in Ohio are:

Rubbers and plastics

The rubber and plastics industry in Ohio is largely dominated by Goodyear Tire & Rubber, in terms of revenue, although there are more non-rubber producing Fortune 500 rubber and plastics companies in Ohio than Ohio Fortune 500 rubber and plastics companies that do produce rubber.

Ohio's economy is greatly influenced by the rubbers and plastics industry. Ohio ranks 1 of all 50 states in rubber and plastics production, producing around $17.4 billion of rubber and plastics shipments annually. Eight Fortune 1000 rubber and/or plastics corporations are located in Ohio:

Ohio ranks 1 in the gross state product of the rubbers and plastics industry of any state. For the 5-year period of 2000-2004, inflation-adjusted production increased around 10%. In addition, in this period, the US rubber and plastics industry only grew 6%.

Ohio exported around $1.3 billion worth of rubber and plastics shipments in 2006. Rubber and plastics exports make up for 7.3% of total sales. Canada is the largest importer of Ohio's $1.3 billion worth of exports, accounting for 46% of this amount. The Census Bureau expects that an addition $1.1 billion worth of material is indirectly exported, through the means of other goods that are made from rubbers and plastics, including motor vehicles and machinery.

However, despite increased production, employment has been decreasing in Ohio's rubber and plastic industry. In 2000, Ohio employed around 92,000 rubber and plastics industry workers. By 2006, those rates have declined by about 26% to about 69,000 workers. The Ohio Bureau of Labor Market Information predicts that, from 2004-2014, there will be 11,200 less workers in Ohio's industry. They also predict that plastics employment in Ohio will decrease by 13.7%, and that rubber products employment will decrease by 20.7%. The industry currently employs about 73,000 Ohio workers, and employs about 12.3% of the US' rubber employees, and 7.8% of the US' plastics employees.

Tourism

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is a well-visited tourist attraction in Cleveland, Ohio. This is one of many tourist attractions that help make up Ohio's diverse tourism industry.
Ohio tourism expenditures by category. About 34.4% of the expenditures was food, making food the plurality of all Ohio tourism expenditures.

Ohio's tourism industry, although historically under-represented, is now growing stronger. For example, in 2006, the Ohio Department of Development reported that 173.8 million trips were taken either to Ohio, or within Ohio. Although an estimated 139.2 million trips (around 80%) were one-day trips, an estimated 33.6 million trips were overnight trips. Another one million trips are unaccounted for. 74% of overnight visitors came from Ohio or nearby states, while another 26% came from both the rest of the United States' states and the rest of the world. The Ohio Department of Development also reported that $33.7 billion were spent by tourists. The analysis is as follows:

The above expenditures give Ohio approximately $1.4 billion in state taxes and $702 million in local taxes. Northeast Ohio received 29% of all tourism expenditures . The tourism industry in Ohio currently gives work to 560,000 people directly, and many others indirectly.

Vehicles

The Honda Accord was the single model that was most produced in Ohio. Almost all Accords are assembled in Marysville, Ohio. The Accord's Ohio production exceeded 200,000, one of only five models to do so in Ohio.

The state of the current motor vehicle industry in Ohio is mixed and dotted. In 2002, the Ohio motor vehicle industry produced about $16 billion of items. This is about 14% of the US' production, and Ohio outputs every state in production of motor vehicles except for Michigan. These $16 billion account for approximately 4.1% of Ohio's gross state product; however, the motor vehicle industry only accounts for 1.1% of the US' output. In 2003, Ohio was able to produce about 1,885,000 motor vehicles, accounting for 15.6% of the US' production, and, again, more than any state except for Michigan, in which 928,000 of these were automobiles. The Ohio Department of Development estimates that there are 555 motor vehicle production establishments in Ohio, and that by employing around 138,000 people, Ohio motor vehicle production employees account for 12.7% of the US' motor vehicle production employees. Despite sharp losses since 1999, the motor vehicle production industry was able to recover in 2001, producing a net gain of 148,000 vehicles. General Motors produced the plurality of motor vehicles in Ohio, with 36.5% of the production of motor vehicles in Ohio, followed closely by Honda with 35.9%. Other major motor vehicle producers in Ohio include DaimlerChrysler (with 17.5% of production) and Ford (with 10.5% of production . However, despite the growth listed above, employment statistics and outlooks are much more grim. In 2004, the number of people employed in the motor vehicle assembly industry in Ohio was reported to be around 31,000, down from about 40,000 throughout the 1990s, while in the motor vehicle parts production industry in Ohio, in December 1997, employment stood at approximately 122,000 employees; however, that number dropped by about 26% to 90,000 employees by 2004. Despite the growth facts above, the loss of employment is more likely to directly affect Ohio's economy. The Ohio Bureau of Labor Market Information estimates that there will be 3,300 less assembly employees and 2,400 less parts manufacturing employees in 2012 than 2002. Some major motor vehicle assembly production plants in Ohio include the Toledo Complex and the Lordstown Assembly.

Per capita income

The state of Ohio's residents have an overall $33,338 per capita personal income, as of 2006, which ranks 29 in the United States. However, regions of Ohio greatly affect incomes. The median family income in Cuyahoga County is $54,506, where the Cleveland Clinic is the single largest employer, but Cleveland also has emerging biotechnology and financial concentrations. (However, it is worthwhile to note that the city of Cleveland proper has one of the lowest median family incomes in the United States of America.) It is also worthwhile to note that while some cities in Ohio have declining populations, the overall growth in per capita income in Ohio increased by 4.6% from 2005-2006.

Housing

According to the United States Census Bureau, there are an estimated 5,045,356 houses in Ohio, of which 4,499,506, or about 89.2% are estimated to be occupied ; this is 0.8% above the national average rate of occupation . Houses with a mortgage are estimated to cost owners about $1,216 per month; this is 0.8% above the national average rate of occupation , which is $186 below the national average; this is 0.8% above the national average rate of occupation . The United States Census Bureau also estimates that 3,150,239 houses are owner-occupied, or about 70%, which is 2.7% above the national average, and that an estimated 1,349,267 houses are renter-occupiedthis is 0.8% above the national average rate of occupation , or about 30%, which is 2.7% below the national average. The median house value is $135,200; this is 0.8% above the national average rate of occupation , or about 70%, which is 2.7% above the national average, and that an estimated 1,349,267 houses are renter-occupied, which is $186 below the national average; this is 0.8% above the national average rate of occupation , which is a significant $50,000 below the national average. Also, there are an estimated 545,850 unoccupied houses; this is 0.8% above the national average rate of occupation , or about 10.8%, which is about 0.8% below the national average. It is also interesting to note that the plurality of houses in Ohio were built from 1940 to 1959 (1,175,325 houses), and that 3,058,721 houses are in some way dependent on utility gas.

Taxation

Below are the simple personal income tax rates for Ohio:

Income range Tax rate per dollar earned
$0-$5000 0.743%
$5001-$10000 1.486%
$10001-$15000 2.972%
$15001-$20000 3.175%
$20001-$40000 4.457%
$40001-$80000 5.201%
$80001-$100000 5.943%
$100001-$200000 6.9%
$200001 or more 7.5%

References

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  53. "The Ohio Food Processing Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. March, 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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  55. "The Ohio Food Processing Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. March, 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  56. "The Ohio Food Processing Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. March, 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  57. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  58. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  59. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  60. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  61. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  62. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  63. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  64. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  65. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  66. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  67. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  68. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  69. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  70. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  71. "The Ohio Information Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  72. "The Insurance Carriers Industry in Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  73. "The Insurance Carriers Industry in Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  74. "The Insurance Carriers Industry in Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  75. "The Insurance Carriers Industry in Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  76. "Ohio Population Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  77. "The Insurance Carriers Industry in Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  78. "The Insurance Carriers Industry in Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  79. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  80. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  81. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  82. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  83. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  84. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  85. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  86. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  87. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  88. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  89. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  90. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  91. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  92. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  93. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  94. "Iron and Steel Industry of Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. January, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  95. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  96. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  97. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  98. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  99. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  100. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  101. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  102. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  103. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  104. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  105. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  106. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  107. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  108. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  109. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  110. "The Ohio Plastics and Rubber Products Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. May, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  111. "Travel & Tourism" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  112. "Travel & Tourism" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  113. This includes New York in surveys, even though it does not technically border Ohio
  114. "Travel & Tourism" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  115. "Travel & Tourism" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  116. "Travel & Tourism" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  117. "Ohio Travel & Tourism statistics". Ohio Travel Association. 2007-04-18. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  118. "Travel & Tourism" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  119. "Travel & Tourism" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  120. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  121. "2007 Honda Accord Expert Review". Newcartestdrive.com. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  122. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  123. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  124. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  125. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  126. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  127. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  128. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  129. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  130. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  131. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  132. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  133. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  134. "The Ohio Motor Vehicle Industry" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. December, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  135. Lenze, David G. (2007-03-27). "State Personal Income, 2006". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  136. "Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Fact Sheet". United States Census Burea. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  137. "Cleveland Clinic: Committed to Northeast Ohio". The Plain Dealer (newspaper). 2007-08-17. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-08-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  138. "Cleveland city, Ohio, Population Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  139. "Akron, Ohio, Population Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  140. Lenze, David G. (2007-03-27). "State Personal Income, 2006". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  141. "Ohio Fact Sheet". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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  159. "Ohio Income Tax Rates". Salary.com. Retrieved 2008-02-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

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