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Kalarippayattu (Malayalam: കളരിപയററ്) is a martial art practiced in the Indian state of Kerala and the Kodagu district of neighboring Karnataka. It has two main divisions : Vadakkan Kalarippayattu (Northern style), which is associated with Malayalam-speaking Nairs, and Thekken Kalarippayattu (Southern style), which is associated with Tamils. Northern style involves more elaborate graceful body movements and southern style involves very rapid economical and yet powerful movements. Tradition attributes kalarippayattu and indeed Kerala itself to Parasurama, sixth avatar of Vishnu. This was originally practised by the fighters or warriors of Kerala. In ancient times, arguments between nobles were often decided on the basis of a Kalarippayyattu tournament's outcome.

File:Kalari1.jpg

File:Kalari4.jpg

Closely related, especially to the Southern style, are the Tamil martial arts practiced in the Travancore district of Kerala and the Kanyakumari district of neighboring Tamil Nadu that variously go by the names ati tata (hit/defend), ati murai (law of hitting), varma ati (hitting the vital spots), or chinna ati (Chinese hitting) (Zarrilli, 1992). These arts claim descent from the rishi Agastya and, compared to kalarippayattu, place more emphasis on empty-hand techniques and less on weapons.

Etymology

The term "Kalarippayattu" is a bahuvrihi formed from the words kalari (Malayalam: കളരി) meaning "place, open space, threshing floor, battlefield" and payattu (Malayalam: പയററ്) derived from "payttuka" meaning "to exercise in arms, practice". Kalari is derived from the Tamil root "kalam" meaning "arena, area for dramatic, gladitorial, or gymnastic exhibitions, assembly, place of work or business." Payattu is derived from the Tamil root "payil" meaning "to become trained, accustomed, practice" (Zarrilli, 1992). Together these two words in Tamil mean "Practice of arts of the battlefield". Most words related to Kalari are originally from Tamil, including words like "suvadi" (footprint), "vadivu" (stance/pose), "verum kai" (weaponless hand), "mei payattu" (mei=body).

Disputed History I

The earliest reference to kalarippayattu in Western documents occurs in A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa, indicating that kalarippayattu was already developed by this time. The first historical interpretation of the origin of the Kalaripayattu system was given by Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai. He points out that this fighting art emerged during the 12th century A.D. from the military exigency the war between the Cheras and the Cholas. This theory was reiterated by later writers without question. Today, as the concept of the war has been questioned and rejected, the theory of the origin of Kalari during this war has lost its ground. As stated earlier, the oldest suggested existence of Kalaripayattu date back to the 13th century. The earliest recorded evidence of Kalaripayyattu date from Portuguese descriptions during the latter 16th-17th centuries and becoming less prominent after the British outlawed it during the 18th and 19th centuries. It has recently been reinvigorated in the last few decades due to the general worldwide interest in martial arts.

There is a recent suggestion by some kalaripayattu practitioners and the author Terence Dukes (a.k.a "Shifu" Nagaboshi Tomio, and Tomio S. Nagaboshi) that Shaolin kung fu, and as a result all Eastern martial arts was derived from kalaripayattu through the semilegendary monk, Bodhidharma, who is attributed with the birth of Chan Buddhism in the 6th century A.D. This suggestion is not accepted by most mainstream historians as most historians would point out that the Bodhidharma stories are legend, that there is further no legend that exists that connect Bodhidharma to kalaripayattu and no evidence of kalaripayattu in any texts before the 15th century A.D. Further, there is physical and written evidence in China that martial arts as practiced by the Shaolin monks predated the 6th century A.D, that there were Buddhist monks who were renowned for their martial arts skills before the arrival of Bodhidharma, and that most martial arts in most countries developed to some degree independently of each other.

Disputed History II

The earliest reference to kalarippayattu in Western documents occurs in A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa, indicating that kalarippayattu was already developed by this time. However, Hindu religious texts are rife with references as to its ancient origins. Historical texts speak of Bodhidharma, the legendary founder of Chan Buddhism,a Brahmin born in Kacheepuram in Tamil Nadu, in 522 A.D. arriving at the courts of the Chinese Emperor Liang Nuti, of the 6th dynasty, as the person responsible for bringing Kalaripayattu from India to China. He taught meditative and physical exercises to the chinese monks so that they could defend themselves against the frequent attacks of bandits. The very same Shaolin temple where Bodhidharma resided which has been handed back some years ago by the Chinese Government to the Chan Buddhist monks, inheritors of Boddhidharma’s spiritual and martial teachings, is now open to visitors. On one of the walls, a fresco can be seen, showing Indian dark-skinned monks, teaching their lighter-skinned Chinese brothers the art of bare-handed fighting. On this painting are inscribed: “Tenjiku Naranokaku” which means: “the fighting techniques to train the body (which come) from India…”

Cultural influence

Kalaripayattu also shows a strong influence of Ayurveda and major classical dance forms of Kerala, namely Kathakali. Kalarippayyattu teachers often provide massages with traditional medicinal oils to their students in order to increase their physical flexibility or to treat muscle injuries encountered during practice. Such massages are generally termed "Thirumal" and the unique massage given to increase physical flexibility is known as "Katcha thirumal".

Stages

Kalarippayattu training differs from most other martial arts training. Bare hand fighting skills are taught in the end. Since it was originally the martial training given to warriors, the martial art teaches the practitioner to become adept in several different forms of weapons. The stages in which this training is imparted is:

Meythari

This is the beginner stage where rigorous body sequences comprising of twists, stances and complex jumps and turns are to be mastered. These exercises are termed as Meyppayattu and they impart excellent neuro muscular co-ordination in the practitioner.

Kolthari

Once the student is physically competent enough, he/she is introduced to fighting with a long wooden weapons. The first weapon taught is usually 5 feet in length or up to the forehead of the student from the ground level. The second weapon taught is a short wooden stick of about two and a half feet or three palm spans. This is called the "Cheruvadi" or "Muchan". The third weapon taught is "Otta" which is a wooden staff curved to resemble the trunk of an elephant. The tip is rounded and is used to strike the vital spots in the opponent's body.

Ankathari

Once the practitioner has gained confidence with all the wooden weapons, he/she is introduced to metal weapons, which require superior concentration due to the lethal nature of such weapons. The first weapon taught is the metal dagger called "Kadhara" which has a curved blade. Once the dagger is mastered, the master weapon of Kalarippayattu ; the sword and shield is taught to deserving students. The sword is called "Val" and the shield is called "Paricha" This is probably the most beautiful sequence to be seen in the demonstration of this martial art.

There are more weapons taught including a wooden spear and the famous flexible sword called "Urumi" which is an extremely dangerous weapon taught to the rarest of students.

Verumkai

After all the weapons have been mastered, the practitioner is taught how to defend his/her person with bare hand techniques. These include strikes to vital points of the body, grapples and arm locks.

A complete Kalarippayattu training is incomplete without learning the medical aspects. The practitioner who has completed martial training is taught how to treat physical injuries with traditional medicines. A person who is well versed with all these aspects and becomes a complete master is called Gurukkal.

Weapons

Kalari uses a number of unique weapons.

Long staff or pirambu or neduvati ( means rattan stick)
Kurunthadi
Knife / dagger
Vettukathi ( a form of machete or Kukri)
Valum parichayum ( sword and round shield)
Churika
Chuttuval (flexible sword)
Kottukampu or Thavikkana

References

Zarrilli, P. (1992). "To heal and/or harm: The vital spots (marmmam/varmam) in two south Indian martial traditions--Part I: Focus on Kerala's kalarippayattu". Journal of Asian Martial Arts 1 (1)

Additional readings

Movies on Kalarippayyattu

Oru Vadakkan Veera Katha - a movie of an ancient tale of a kalarippayyattu warrior called Chandu. Traces his exploits and has some well choreographed fighting scenes.

External links

Category:

Indian martial arts