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Khazaria also known as Khazar khaganate or Khazar khanate was the country of the Khazars, neighboring the Byzantine Empire in the southwest, Kievan Rus' in the northwest, Volga Bulgaria in the north, and Azerbaijan in the southeast. The ruler of these Turkic people and the Khazar elite adopted Judaism in the 8th or 9th century, becoming the only Jewish state ever without Abrahamic ascendence, but it is now known that many Jews fleeing persecution in the Byzantine empire sought refuge in Khazaria and likely outnumberd the Khazar converts to the point that they were a minority. It is logical to conclude from this data that the majority of Jews in Khazaria were not Khazar in origin.

As an independent state, Khazaria existed between about 652 and 1016. Its supreme ruler was known by the title khagan. Its last khagan was named Georgius Tzul. Much of Khazaria was covered by steppe land. Khazaria bordered the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The Volga River (known as Itil or Atil) passed through eastern Khazaria.

Major cities of Khazaria included:

Along the Caspian coast and Volga delta:

Atil

Khazaran

Samandar

In the Caucasus:

Balanjar

Sambalut

Samiran

Sarir

Maghas (Alan capital)

Sukhumi (Abkhazian capital)

In the Crimea and Taman region:

Kerch (also called Bospor)

Feodosia

Mangup (also called Doros)

Samkarsh (also called Tmutorokan, Tamatarkha)

Sudak (also called Sugdaia)

In the Don valley:

Sarkel

References

• Bibliography of Khazar Studies, 1901-Present
• History of Khazaria

• Articles needing cleanup from June 2007
• Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from June 2007
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• Jewish Russian and Soviet history
• Former countries in Asia
• Khazars