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Koninkrijk België
Royaume de Belgique
Königreich Belgien
Kingdom of Belgium

Flag of Belgium Belgium: Coat of Arms (In Detail) (In Detail)
National motto: Dutch: Eendracht maakt macht; French: L'union fait la force; German: Einigkeit macht stark (English: Strength lies in unity)
Official language	Dutch, French, German
Capital	Brussels
Largest City	Brussels
King	Albert II
Prime Minister	Guy Verhofstadt
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 148th 30,528 km² 6.20%
Population  - Total (2005)  - Density	Ranked 79th 10,364,388 342/km²
Independence	1830
GDP   - Total (2004)   - GDP/capita	Ranked 30th $316.2 billion $30,600
Currency	Euro (€)
Time zone  - in summer	CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2)
National anthem	The Brabançonne
Internet TLD	.be
Calling Code	+32
Prior to 1999: Belgian franc.

The Kingdom of Belgium (Dutch: Koninkrijk België, French: Royaume de Belgique, German: Königreich Belgien) is a country in Western Europe, bordered by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France, and the North Sea. Belgium sits at a cultural crossroads between Germanic Europe and Romance Europe. The country has two main languages: the Dutch language in Flanders (north, including Brussels) and the French language in Wallonia (south) and in Brussels. In the east, there is also an officially recognised minority of German speakers. This cultural and linguistic diversity, which often lead to political conflicts, is reflected in Belgium's complex institutions and political history.

History

Main article: History of Belgium

Geographically and culturally, Belgium is at the crossroads of Europe, and during the past 2,000 years has witnessed a constant ebb and flow of different cultures. Consequently, Belgium is one of Europe's true melting pots. During its history, Belgium has been part of the Low Countries, which also comprises the Netherlands and Luxembourg.

Before independence

Belgium owes it name from the first named inhabitants of the Low Countries, the Belgae. They were (mostly) Celtic tribes. In 54 BC, the Belgae were overcome by Caesar. The Gallia Belgica was the Roman province in northern Gaul created at their approximative territories.

During the Pre-Romanesque period ( 5th–10th centuries), the Roman Empire collapsed (5th century). Germanic tribes invaded the Roman province. One of these peoples, the Franks, finally installed a new kingdom under the rulers of the Merovingian Dynasty, which turned into the Carolingian Dynasty in 751. After the Treaty of Verdun (843), the Low Countries were divided into Middle Francia (Lotharingia) and Western Francia (France).

In the Romanesque period ( 11th–12th centuries), the Holy Roman Emperors lost effective control of their domains and the Low Countries were divided into mostly independent feudal states; the most important were the Duchy of Brabant, the county of Flanders, and the Bishopric of Liège.

Later on, in the Gothic period ( 13th–14th centuries), many cities gained their independence from their heirs (Battle of the Golden Spurs) and started trade within the Hanseatic League. The independence gained by the cities at those times was later on often seen as an ideal status and has been the objective for many later civil uprising against central governments.

The territories of the Low Countries were for the first time united (except the Bishopric of Liège) when the Burgundian dynasty inherited of the county of Flanders (1384) and began to acquire what is called the Burgundian Netherlands. In 1477, Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I. The Low Countries (except the Bishopric of Liège) came under the Habsburgian Dynasty. The charter of rights, known as "the Great Privilege" (1477), provided the basis of the Seventeen Provinces established by Pragmatic Sanction of 1549.

In 1556, the Low Countries came under the Spanish Habsburg line and were hereafter called the Spanish Netherlands. The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between the rebel provinces and Spain divided the Seventeen Provinces into two part: the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium, Luxembourg and the French Flanders, except the bishopric of Liège which was still independent) and the United Provinces (now the Netherlands) which became independent in 1581. The Southern Netherlands remained under Spanish rule and participated in the Franco-Spanish wars during the 17th century. The last one, the war of the Spanish Succession ended with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).

The Treaty of Utrecht created the Austrian Netherlands (1713–1795), i.e. the Southern Netherlands under Austrian Rule. The reign of Maria Theresa is marked by the War of the Austrian Succession. The reign of Joseph II is marked by non popular politics which lead to civil uprising (Brabant Revolution, Battle of Turnhout (1789)). The Revolution liégeoise uprising (1789) was an avatar of the French Revolution in the bishopric of Liège. Both events lead to the short-lived United States of Belgium defeated by the Austrians in 1790.

Following the Campaigns of 1794 of the French Revolutionary Wars, in 1795 the entire region (including territories that were never under Habsburg rule, like the Bishopric of Liège) was overrun by France, ending the existence of this territory as the Spanish/Austrian Netherlands. The civil uprising of 1798 called the Flemish Peasants War (Boerenkrijg) is seen by many as the birth of the Flemish movement.

The first lasting unification of the Low Countries since the Seventeen Provinces was decided during the Congress of Vienna (1815) after the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created. However, after the Belgian Revolution of 1830 the southern provinces separated and became the independent state of Belgium.

Belgian Revolution

The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium (William I, king of the Netherlands, would refuse to recognise a Belgian state until the Treaty of London, 1839).

The Belgian Revolution had many causes:

• At the political level:
  • The Belgians felt significantly under-represented in the Netherlands' elected Lower Assembly.
  • The low popularity of Prince William, later King William II, representative of the King William I in Brussels.
  • The treatment of the French-speaking Catholic Walloons in the Dutch-dominated United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
• At the religious level:
  • The difference of religion between the Belgians and their Dutch king.
• At the economic level:
  • The Belgians had little influence over the traditional economy of trade centred in Amsterdam.
  • The Dutch were for free trade, while industries in Belgium called for the protection of tariffs.
  • Low-taxed imports from the Baltic depressed agriculture in Belgian grain-growing regions.
• At the international level:
  • French July Monarchy's support.
  • English passive agreement.

From independence to World War II

Belgium became a constitutional monarchy. From the revolution to WW II, the democratic system evolved from an oligarchy characterised by two main parties, the Catholics and the Liberals, to a universal parliamentary democracy characterised by one more party, the Belgian labour party, and a strong implication of the trade unions.

The country experienced a fast expanding industrialisation particularly in the French-speaking regions of Liège and Charleroi with the development of steel and mining industry. In the 1840s, the textile industry of Flanders was in a severe crisis. The famine in Flanders (1846-1850) forced many Flemings to emigrate (mostly) to Wallonia.

Originally, Belgium had only one official language, French, which was the adopted language of the nobility and the bourgeoisie. The country evolved to a bilingual Dutch-French system.

Belgium possessed one primary foreign colony, the Congo Free State, later called the Belgian Congo, which was given to King Leopold II in 1885. The local population was brutalised in exchange for rubber, which had a growing market with the development of rubber tires.

Belgium's neutrality was violated in 1914 when Germany invaded Belgium as part of the Schlieffen Plan.

The former German colonies, Ruanda-Urundi (now Rwanda and Burundi), were occupied by the Belgian Congo in 1916. They were mandated in 1924 to Belgium by the League of Nations.

Belgium tried to return to neutrality in the 1930s but was once again invaded by Germany in 1940. Belgium opposed not much opposition to the German blitzkrieg offensive.

During the war and the early cold war, due to the huge reserves of uranium in Katanga (a province of the Belgian Congo) and their importance for the Manhattan Project, Belgium became an important partner of the United States.

From World War II

After World War II, the policy of neutrality was abandoned, and Belgium joined NATO and Benelux. It was also one of the founding members of the European Economic Community. Belgium hosts the headquarters of NATO and a major part of the European Union's institutions and administrations, including the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and most of the European Parliament sessions.

After WW II, Belgium, and in particular Flanders, benefited massively from American support through the Marshall Plan and subsequent massive american investment. Till the 1970s the Belgian economy was prosperous. Afterwards, the steel industry experienced a strong and long-lasting crisis which is still responsible for the lower economical development of Wallonia.

The Belgian Congo gained its independence in 1960 during the Congo Crisis. The Ruanda-Urundi became independent in 1962.

Since the 20th century, and in particular after World War II, the history of Belgium became more and more dominated by the increasing autonomy of its two main communities, the Dutch and the French speakers. Since around 1970 there are no longer significant national Belgian political parties, but only Dutch- or French-speaking parties (and one German-speaking party). As such, the political landscape shows a near-perfect dual political system, reflecting the two underlying dominant communities.

Politics

Belgium's political institutions are complex, but the majority of political power is organised with the two main communities: the Flemings and their political parties; and the Walloons and their parties. Nearly all political parties in Belgium belong to one of these two communities. Basically the political landscape within each community is shared between three political families: the Liberals (right wing), the Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats (left wing). Other important younger families are the Green parties and, especially in Flanders, the extreme right parties. Politics is strongly influenced by many powerful lobbies like the trade unions, the Federation of Enterprises in Belgium and numerous other associations.

The constitution was revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state. Several governmental entities have been created. Apart from the Federal Government there are subdivisions into Communities according to language: the French(-speaking) Community, the Dutch(-speaking) Community and the German-speaking Community. And another subdivision into Regions: the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels-Capital Region. The Flemish Community abosrbed the Flemish Region to form one government (see Flanders).

The different governments share their competences according to the following scheme (the conflicts between the different bodies are solved by the Court of Arbitration) :

• Federal government: Jurisdiction over Foreign affairs, development aid, defence/military, police, economy, social welfare, security (including pensions, health care, social aid and employment controls), transport (including railways and air transport), energy, telecommunications, scientific research (partially), limited competencies in education and culture, as well as strict control over taxation by regional authorities; the federal government controls more than 90 per cent of all taxation.
• Community governments: Language, culture and education. (e.g. schools, libraries, theatres, etc.)
• Regional governments: Land- and property-based issues within their area (regional economy, zoning, housing, transportation, etc.), international trade.

For example, a school building in Brussels belonging to the public school system would be regulated by the regional government of Brussels. But the school as an institution would fall under the regulations of either the Flemish government, if the primary language of teaching is Dutch, or the French Community government, if the primary language is French. It is a complex, somewhat unstable and expensive, but peaceful compromise that allows distinctly different cultures to live together.

Furthermore, the regions Flanders and Wallonia are each divided into 5 provinces.

1. Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen, French: Flandre or Flandres); capital: Brussels
   • Antwerp (Dutch: Antwerpen, French: Anvers); capital: Antwerp
   • Limburg (Dutch: Limburg, French: Limbourg); capital: Hasselt
   • East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen, French: Flandre Orientale); capital: Ghent
   • West Flanders (Dutch: West-Vlaanderen, French: Flandre Occidentale); capital: Bruges
   • Flemish Brabant (Dutch: Vlaams-Brabant, French: Brabant Flamand); capital: Leuven
2. Wallonia (French: Wallonie, Dutch: Wallonië); capital: Namur
   • Walloon Brabant (French: Brabant Wallon, Dutch: Waals Brabant); capital: Wavre
   • Namur (French: Namur, Dutch: Namen); capital: Namur
   • Liège (French: Liège, Dutch: Luik); capital: Liège
   • Hainaut(French: Hainaut, Dutch: Henegouwen); capital: Mons
   • Luxembourg (French: Luxembourg, Dutch: Luxemburg): capital: Arlon

Each provincial entity (including the Brussels-Capital Region) is further divided into smaller municipalities, called gemeenten in Dutch and communes in French (see List of Belgian municipalities and List of Belgian municipalities by population).

Geography

Belgium has an area of 30,528 km². Belgium has three main physical regions: the coastal plain (located in the north-west), the central plateau, and the Ardennes uplands (located in the south-east).

The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and polders. Polders are areas of land, close to or below sea level, that have been reclaimed from the sea from which they are protected by dikes or, further inland, fields that have been drained by canals.

The second physical region, the central plateau, lays further inland. This is a smooth, slowly rising area which has many fertile valleys and is irrigated by many waterways. Here one can also find rougher land, including caves and small gorges.

The third physical region (called the Ardennes) is somewhat more rugged than the first two. It is a thickly forested plateau, very rocky and not very good for farming, which extends into northern France. This is where much of Belgium's wildlife can be found.

The two main rivers in Belgium are the Scheldt (on which Antwerp lies) and the Meuse. Although generally flat, the terrain becomes increasingly hilly and forested in the south-east (Ardennes) region, where one can find Belgium's highest point, the Signal de Botrange at only 694 metres.

The climate is cool, temperate, and rainy; summer temperatures average 25 °C / 77 °F, winters average 7.2 °C / 45 °F. Annual extremes (rarely attained) are −12.2 °C / 10 °F and 32.2 °C / 90 °F.

Economy

Densely populated, Belgium is located at the heart of one of the world's most highly industrialised regions.

Belgium was the first continental European country to undergo an industrial revolution in the early 1800s. Liège and Charleroi developed a rapidly growing mining and steel-making industry which flourished till the mid-20th century. After WW II, Ghent and Antwerp exhibited a fast expansion of the chemical and petroleum industry. In the 1980s and 1990s, the economic centre of the country continued to shift northwards to Flanders. Now industry is concentrated mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north.

The 1973 and 1979 oil crises sent the economy into a period of prolonged recession. In the 1980s, the successive governments reacted with poor macroeconomic policies. As a result, cumulative government debt reached 121% of GDP by the end of the 1980s. Now public debt is nearly 100% of GDP. On the positive side, the government has succeeded in balancing its budget. In 2004, the GDP-real growth rate was estimated to 2.6%.

Belgium developed an excellent transportation infrastructure of ports, canals, railways, and highways to integrate its industry with that of its neighbours. Antwerp is the second largest European port.

One of the founding members of the European Union, Belgium strongly supports deepening the powers of the EU to integrate European economies. Belgium adopted the euro, the single European currency, in January 1999, and the Belgian franc was completely replaced by euro coins and banknotes in early 2002.

The economy in Belgium greatly depends on its imports and exports. Its main imports are food products, machinery, rough diamonds, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, clothing and accessories, and textiles. Its main exports are automobiles, food and food products, iron and steel, diamonds, textiles, plastics, petroleum products, and nonferrous metals. Trade is made together with Luxembourg, because these two countries created a customs and currency union in 1922. Its main trading partners are Germany, The Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the United States, and Spain.

Demographics, language and literacy

The population density (342/km²) is one of the highest in Europe, after the Netherlands and some smaller countries such as Monaco. The areas with the highest population density are around the Brussels-Antwerp-Ghent-Leuven agglomerations, as well as other important urban centres as Liège, Charleroi, Kortrijk, Brugge, Hasselt and Namur. The Ardennes have the lowest density.

The Flemish Region has a population of 6,050,000, Wallonia 3,400,000 and Brussels 980,000. The main cities and their population are Brussels (959,318), Antwerp (445,570), Ghent (224,685), Charleroi (200,233), and Liège (184,550).

Belgium has three official languages, one for each community: Dutch, French and German. About 60 per cent of the country is Dutch speaking, French is the second most spoken language (by about 40 per cent) and German is spoken by less than 1 per cent of the population.

But these figures must be taken with care because the most recent linguistic census was before 1960, and the mother tongue is not always the same as the language used in public or in official life. This applies especially to the many minority groups who more or less kept their ethnic identity, the oldest being the Jews, established in Antwerp since the Middle Ages, and various, more recent migrant communities as Italians, Spaniards, Poles, Turks and Moroccans.

Both the Dutch spoken in Belgium and the Belgian French have small vocabulary and semantic nuances from the varieties spoken in the Netherlands and France. Many can still speak Flemish or Walloon dialects, which are often difficult to understand for people from other areas. Other regional languages officially recognised (in Wallonia only) are Champenois, Gaumais, and Picard. Some consider that the province of Limburg also has its own Limburgish language. In contrast to the Netherlands, where Limburgish is an official minority language, it is not recognised by the Flemish government; it neither has been codified, nor is it being used in public life.

Brussels, the capital, is officially French-Dutch bilingual, but mostly French speaking. It evolved from a Dutch-speaking place when the Belgian state became independent in 1830 to its current dominantly French character.

More than 98 per cent of the adult population is literate. Education is required from the age of 6 until the age of 18, but many keep on studying until the age of 23. Nevertheless, in recent years concern is rising over certain forms of illiteracy such as functional illiteracy.

Religion

In Belgium, Roman Catholicism is the majority religion, accounting for between 60% and 75% of the population, although nowadays only about 9% to 12% of the population regularly attends mass. Other religions with significant representation include Islam (over 5%), followed by Protestantism (1.2%) and Judaism (less than 1%).

Since 1830, Catholicism has had also an important role in Belgium's politics. Examples include the two so-called "school wars" ("Schoolstrijd" in Dutch, "guerres scolaires" in French) between liberals and Catholics which took place between 1879 and 1884 and between 1954 and 1958, respectively.

Culture

A discussion of Belgian culture may lead to discussing both those aspects of cultural life shared by 'all' or most Belgians, regardless of their language, and also the differences between the cultural communities, which each have their own administrative and political representation: the Flemish community, the German-speaking community of Belgium and the French Community in Belgium.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, cultural life has tended to concentrate within each community. The shared element is clearly much less important as there are no universities that are both Dutch and French speaking (except the royal military academy), no common media, and no single, common large cultural or scientific organisation where both main communities are represented.

As for cultural generalities shared by all Belgians, the country is well-known for its fine art, its comics, its architecture, its beer, its food, and its chocolate.

Painting

Belgium has had a variety of famous painters. These include Constant Permeke, René Magritte, James Ensor, Paul Delvaux. Magritte, together with Paul Delvaux, were two major artists of the surrealistic style.

Literature

Belgium has produced several well-known authors such as poets: Emile Verhaeren, Jacques Brel and writers: Hendrik Conscience, Georges Simenon.

Cinema

Some representative directors: Chantal Akerman, Stijn Coninx, Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne; actors: Jan Decleir, Marie Gillain; and films: Toto le héros, Man bites dog.

Comics

Major representatives of this popular art movement are Hergé, Edgar P. Jacobs, Jijé, and André Franquin. See also: Franco-Belgian comics.

Music

Cesar Franck is a major romantic composer. Adolphe Sax is famous for inventing the saxophone in 1840. The music scene is very active in Belgium. See also: music of Belgium.

Architecture

In architecture Victor Horta was one of the originators of the Art Nouveau architecture, a style of architecture which had a major impact upon 20th-century buildings.

Fashion

Antwerp's Royal Academy of Fine Arts has produced important trendsetters (Walter Van Beirendonck, Ann Demeulemeester, Dries Van Noten, Dirk Van Saene, Dirk Bikkembergs, Marina Yee, Martin Margiela)

Folklore

Festivals play a major role in Belgium's cultural life. Examples are the carnival of Binche, the Ducasse of Ath, the procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges, 15th-of-August festival in Liège and, Walloon festival in Namur. A major non official holyday is the Saint Nicholas day which is the festival of the children (Saint Nicholas is the ancestor of Santa Claus) and, in Liège, of the students.

Sport

Belgium is well-represented in the world of sport, football (soccer) and cycling being very popular. The national football team are called the Red Devils, and they are ranked 45th by FIFA. One of the greatest cyclists ever, Eddy Merckx, who won five Tours de France, was Belgian. However, Belgium also has two female tennis champions, Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin-Hardenne. Belgium has had world and Olympic champions in tennis, athletics, motocross, judo, table tennis, swimming and cyclo-cross.

Food

Many "gourmets" claim that Belgium has the best food in Europe. Many highly ranked restaurants can be found within famous gastronomic guides (e.g. the Michelin Guide). Brands of Belgian chocolate, like Neuhaus, Côte d'Or, Leonidas, Godiva, are world renowned and widely distributed. In Belgium there are over 450 different kinds of beer (ales, pils), those of the Trappist monks being among the most prestigious. Belgians have a reputation for loving waffles and french fries (originally from Belgium).

Related topics

• Belgium facts
• Communications in Belgium
• Transportation in Belgium
• Tourism in Belgium
• Public holidays in Belgium
• Foreign relations of Belgium
• Military of Belgium
• List of Belgian monarchs
• List of Belgian municipalities by population
• List of Belgians
• List of Belgium-related topics
• List of Governments in Belgium
• List of postal codes in Belgium

External links

• Official site of the Belgian federal government
• Official site of Belgian tourist office in the Americas
• Telephone directory online
• Belgian Newspapers
• Wikitravel guide
• Belgium is celebrating the 175th anniversary of its independence and the 25th anniversary of the federal state

References

• World history at KLMA
• L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde in French by Jacques Leclerc, Universty of Laval, Canada
• CIA World Fact Book

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