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Defense of the Ancients

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File:Dota Logo.png
The various DotA versions.

Defense of the Ancients, commonly known as DotA, is an Aeon of Strife-style custom map created for the game Warcraft 3 (by Blizzard Entertainment). Originally developed for Warcraft 3: Reign of Chaos (RoC) by Eul, the map was later unofficially ported into the Warcraft 3 expansion pack, The Frozen Throne (TFT). Currently, several variants of the map exist under the name of DotA.

Gameplay

Concept

Due to DotA being a custom map, some of the game concepts, such as base-building, are very different from the original Warcraft III:Reign of Chaos or The Frozen Throne. The original game and the DotA custom map, however, do share some similarities, such as usage of modified Warcraft characters, adaptation of Warcraft spells such as Heal, and items such as Boots of Speed.

For the DotA map, two bases are set at opposite corners of the map from each other. In each base is situated a central building known as the Ancient, which is also where the map derives its name. The basic aim of the game is for a team to destroy the ancient of the opposing team and to defend their own ancient. Ancients used for each team are commonly The Frozen Throne/World Tree (Classic, Allstars); and the normal Town Centers for either side (Outland).

Each team has six players with up to five human players, known as heroes. All variants feature one computer controlled player per team. Standard variants do not support the artificial intelligence (AI) for more computer controlled players. A variant known as DOTA Mercenaries has allowed more computer controlled players, and is commonly used for training purposes or when other human players are not available to play with. Some developers are coming up with test versions of DotA maps with variable-skill AI players, which will help in training and strategy-building.

The opposing bases produce troops, known as creeps, at regular intervals of time. The creeps are produced in sets (also known as waves or spawns) composed of a number of ranged and melee units, and stream down the three lanes available on the map towards the base of the opposing team. As the creeps travel along these lanes they will battle any opposing creep they meet. Intersecting the center of the map, perpendicular to the three lanes between the bases, is a "river" traversable by heroes. Creep traveling past this center lane (represented as a river) will encounter two "towers" on their journey to the opposing base. Certain versions of DotA (Allstars/Mercenaries) have Runes in the river which can be picked up by any hero (friend or foe) to gain bonuses for a short time (such as Double Damage, Regeneration, Haste, and Illusion), while other versions have different uses for Runes (Challenge activation in Outland). Towers possess superb firepower and hitpoints, and will readily kill any creep or hero who wanders too close.

Without the influence of heroes, the game cannot quickly be won by either team. In theory, creeps will battle each other and then sacrifice themselves in pointless attacks on the towers, which will slaughter them. However, in practice, there will usually be a slight imbalance of power over time due to the specific placement of towers, creep paths, and other variables (due to slight tweaks over a number of versions, the "advantaged" side is not set and may even switch to either side). The presence of even a single hero for any amount of time will negate this imbalance, however.

Introduction to Heroes

File:Dota hero attributes.png
A snapshot of the attributes for a Level 1 spellcaster hero at the start of an Allstars game

Heroes are ranked by level. Upon gaining a level, heroes receive bonus base attributes and a skill point to be spent in learning a new or upgrading an existing skill. Heroes may gain levels during the game by earning experience. Experience can be earned by killing creeps which is known as creeping. Neutral creeps, of varying difficulty, are also planted throughout the map and they may also be killed for experience and gold. Neutral creeps are not programmed to do anything except battle other characters who come too close; as such, they exist only to be killed for experience and gold.

Hero Attributes

Heroes possess three main statistics, known as attributes (Strength, Intelligence and Agility) with every hero having a Primary Attribute. The Primary Attribute can be determined based on icons shown on the status panel, as depicted here (Strength depicted by a 'fist' icon, Intelligence by 'mind', and Agility by 'foot'). Increasing the Primary Attribute of a hero will increase the hero's damage for each additional point. In addition, increasing the attributes of a hero will enhance corresponding statistics for that hero.

  • Strength - enhances hitpoints and hitpoint regeneration.
  • Agility - enhances attack speed and armor rating.
  • Intelligence - enhances mana points and mana regeneration.


Hero Statistics

Heroes also possess a variety of base statistics that may be altered by inherent skills or purchased items:

  • Attack Damage - Attack damage indicates how much a hero's attack subtracts from the recipient's hit points (or HP). Increasing the Primary Attribute of the hero will increase its attack damage, where every point of increase in the Primary Attribute increases the attack damage by one point.
  • Attack Speed - An attack speed determines how fast the hero strikes in a given time frame. A hero with double the attack speed of another hero would, therefore, strike twice as often in a given window of time. Attack speed is also determined by a base speed for each hero and influenced by agility.
  • Hit Points - Hit points or HP represent how much damage a hero can absorb before he is killed. Hit points regenerate with time to a maximum number. The maximum number of hit points a hero has and the rate at which it regenerates is a function of the hero's strength attributes. Higher strength heroes have a higher maximum number of hit points and regenerate faster. Hit points are indicated by a current and maximum value.
  • Mana Points - A hero's mana is the amount of energy the hero has for utilizing abilities or casting spells. Most (but not all) abilities are powered by mana. Mana is also regenerated over time. The maximum amount of mana and the rate of mana regeneration is a function of the intelligence of the hero. Mana points are indicated by a current and maximum value.
  • Armor Rating - A hero's armor rating is how much physical damage a hero reduces each enemy attack by, where physical damage is damage caused by combat while excluding those resulting from spells. Though armor is increased linearly as a factor of agility and by items and skills, percentage reduction is increased logarithmically, as each point in armor will add less percentage in reduction. The limiting constant in armor is 100%, as the further increase of agility will never cause the armor rating to reach 100%. However, according to Blizzard formulae, each point of armor will still provide a constant 6% increase in Effective Hit Points (EHP). Armor is represented by both a linear decimal number and by a percentage in reduction.
  • Movement Speed - A hero's movement speed determines how quickly the hero travels over a given distance. Some heroes have the ability to teleport (move to another location on the map), to 'blink' (move instantaneously over a straight line distance of limited length) or to indirectly 'blink' due to side-effects of certain spells, but this is not influenced by the movement speed. The movement speed is a base value, which is different from hero to hero, but may be modified by abilities or items.

Summary of Attributes vs Hero Type and Statistics

A summary of the hero types based on Primary Attributes:

  • Strength - usually powerful melee attacker.
    • Pros: High Hit Points, fast HP regeneration rate, high damage, usually have stun/disable
    • Cons: melee, low armor, low attack speed, slow move speed, weak early game
    • Examples for Outland: Giant of Razorcrest, Spinewrath, Abyss Lord
    • Examples for Classic: Commander of the Abyss, Dragon Knight, Mannoroth, Garrondel
    • Examples for Allstars: Rogue Knight, Skeleton King, Centaur Warchief, Slithereen Guard, Tidehunter
  • Agility - archers/assassins/rapid attackers. Can be either melee or ranged.
    • Pros: High Damage, fast attack speed, high Armor, passives such as Critical Strike/Evasion
    • Cons: Low HP, lacks disable ability, weak early game
    • Examples for Outland: Disintigrator, Xanathos, Lividus
    • Examples for Classic: Mageslayer, Zuljin Andorhall, Troll Warlord
    • Examples for Allstars: Drow Ranger, Bone Fletcher, Juggernaut, Shadow Fiend, Phantom Assassin
  • Intelligence - spellcasters/technology users.
    • Pros: Ranged, High total mana amount, fast mana regeneration rate, powerful spells, strong early game
    • Cons: Low HP, low armor, weak late game
    • Examples for Outland: Elementalist, Iviyst, Voodoo Shaman
    • Examples for Classic: Drenia Darkhaven, Wavebreaker, Soulrender, Purity's Disciple
    • Examples for Allstars: Crystal Maiden, Necrolyte, Lich, Prophet, Slayer

Special exception for Outland: Please note that strength/weakness at any point in the game are usually irrelevant for Outland; due to its game mechanics which adjusts the difficulty level after a specific time interval.

Game mechanics

Heroes may gain experience and gold by killing (or pawning) heroes from the opposing team. While the killing of heroes is not the stated aim of the game, it is nonetheless one of the pursuits towards which any experienced player strives. Every kill/death score of heroes is displayed on the top right corner of the game screen, with a layout similar to the score sheet of First-Person Shooter games.

Each player may select a hero at the start of the game from a catalog of heroes (with the exception of certain game modes which force a player to use specific heroes, such as Multimode for Classic; All Random mode for Allstars; and Set mode for Outland). Players generally only exert control over this hero but exceptions exists whereby certain hero abilities or purchased items may allow the hero to gain control of creeps or of summoned creatures. The selection of heroes in DotA games is extensive (and may increase with newer versions). For example, there are over 70 different heroes in DotA Allstars, or 40 in Outland.

Hero attributes and abilities may be augmented or modified by purchasing items. Items can be purchased using gold which is obtained by slaying creeps or other heroes. Gold is also obtained by destroying towers or other structures. Hero kills made by the creeps in your team will result in the gold being placed in the team coffers and distributed to every team member. However, players may not access the general team coffer. Some items cannot be purchased outright and have to be built using other items, determined by a specific recipe. Generally the higher the cost or the complexity of an item, the greater its influence on the hero's abilities. Some items grant abilities to the hero rather than augmenting a pre-existing ability or attribute.

Due to limitations in the coding model's behavior (e.g. Orb effects) and the Warcraft game engine, and to avoid over-powering a hero (on some occasions), not all items may work with each other or with every hero, known as "stacking". As such, experience in the behavior of all items is very much an advantage in the game, to avoid stacking the wrong items.

Heroes who die are respawned at an area known as the fountain. However, spawning occurs only after a waiting period which lengthens as the hero's level increases. Gold may be paid out to respawn prior to the end of the waiting period with the amount of gold necessary being proportional, once again, to the level of the hero. The death of a hero generally results in gold being subtracted from the amount of gold the player in question controls.

Victory can depend on both the player's skill and teamwork. A single skilled player can make short work of a single opponent, or sometimes several at once; but likewise, several players, with proper cooperation, can easily return the favor. All variants of the game are designed with soft and hard counters in mind for items and heroes alike, and thus some heroes will be better equipped to defeat certain heroes than others.

Some DotA fans have formed clans specifically for this game, such as:

Classic Clan BvA
AllStars Clan TDA/Clan DP
Outland Clan EOC

Different Flavors of DotA

DotA Classic

This series is the original DotA, which began with Eul, the creator and first editor. This RoC map is considered by most DotA players to be the most balanced map series for DotA. Eul, the original editor and creator of DotA, has since declared his map to be open-source, and currently there is no official editor for the RoC DotA maps.

However, there are still unofficial editors whose maps are hosted frequently. The most notable current editors are Fluffy_Bunny (3.7 and the 3.8x series), Ryude (3.7x series), and Danite (Rumble 3.x series, Danites Hell, and Multimode 4.0). DotA Classic for RoC has clans that continue to play against each other and also hold tournaments.

The most popular version on most servers is 3.7 (created by Fluffy_Bunny), while 3.6d is still played in Asia. The 3.7x, 3.8x and Rumble series are all played in decent numbers in public games.

CHAOS

CHAOS is a Korean-language port of DotA, and is not popular outside of Asia, though it enjoys cult-like popularity there.


Allstars

Main article: Defense of the Ancients: Allstars

Development

DotA Allstars is a Frozen Throne version of DotA, made, without Eul's involvement, by a player named Guinsoo. It contains many more heroes and items than does the original DotA, and is updated frequently, which may explain its continuing popularity. The controversy about Allstars is that a number of Classic players resent him for having 'stolen' their game, especially since he is alleged to have similarly 'borrowed' most of his triggers, spells, heroes and items from other people; Guinsoo, for his part, maintains that the map was created from scratch and based only spiritually on Eul's work. Regardless, Allstars remains widely played, and is rumored to be the most popular Warcraft 3 custom map of all time.

The latest version is 6.12b, now edited and updated by Icefrog, with suggestions and input from other developers.

Bugs in version 5 of AllStars prompted many to offer fixes to Guinsoo but the development of the code was opaque and release schedules were discretionary. As such, the map forked in version 5.84b with Guinsoo releasing version 6.

Another developer named True.Rus (from Russia) developed an unofficial fork named 5.84c. Since the map was encrypted, True.Rus had to decrypt the map. Every version of Allstars released prior to 5.84c had focused on new functionality or heroes. The version created (or rather modified) by True.Rus did not feature any new functionality. Instead:

  • It refactored the map tokens to allow for faster loading times (reports from frequent Battle.net players indicate a reduction of almost 1-2 minutes)
  • It also fixed some game bugs which were considered by fans to be "imbalancing" to the game.

Current player trends

The current favorite among AllStars regulars continue to be 5.84c in some places (such as LAN parties and Battle.net), mainly due to the fact that it is believed to be more stable than the later versions. It has been noted that most South-East Asian countries frequently play 5.84c. 5.84b is also played, albeit less frequently. Version 6.12b, the latest official version, is also played most frequently among AllStars players.

Currently, DotA Allstars is popular among players in Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Romania, Korea, the Philippines, the European Union, Indonesia, Brazil, USA and many other countries, as observed on the Battle.net servers. Players of DotA Allstars, particularly in the Asian region, normally go to cybercafés for friendly matches or even cash tournaments.

Clan TDA (Team DotA Allstars) of Battle.net's "Azeroth" gateway (serving the East coast of the United States) is the clan officially charged with arranging DotA Allstars matches. Recently Clan TDA has opened a branch at the West Coast gateway, Lordaeron.

Outland

DotA Outland is another Frozen Throne variant of DotA, maintained by Softmints of Clan EOC. It is less well-known than Allstars, but updated far more frequently. It is more hero-based than item-based, a slower-paced game than Allstars, and the heroes are entirely different.

Unique characteristics of DotA Outland

Some information partially adapted from the DotA Outland page (as written by the Outland creator).

  • Compared to EotA: It's a more hero-based Aeon of Strife, with less emphasis on buildings and upgrades, and a faster game.
  • Compared to Allstars: Less emphasis on crushing the opponents with powerful items; though victory through powerful item builds is still very possible.
  • Compared to Tides of Blood: More heroes and less emphasis on buildings.
  • Items are far less powerful and more character-specific. (I.E. don't use a Lothar's Annihalator with a hero like Iviyst or Lividus.)
  • Recipes located outside the entrance of the fountain, four books on pedestals. Level 4 items aren't imbalanced, considering generally high gold costs and only moderately strong bonuses.
  • The "Challenge" aspect (see below).
  • Usage of Waygates for teleportation.
  • Destroying enemy towers gives Energy which can be used to upgrade friendly towers.

Challenges

Challenges, much like the Rune powerups in Allstars, are an interesting aspect of Outland. A player picks up a rune, gets a positive buff (Bloodlust, Invisibility) and is then given a challenge to complete. If the player succeeds, he gains 1000 gold; failure will cause the loss of 1000 gold and a level.

The Challenges are:

  • Assassination - a hero on the enemy team is singled out, and must be killed within 3 minutes.
  • Survival - survive for 5 minutes, with a 2000 gold bounty on your head, you are enemies to both your creeps and towers, and their creeps - no hiding in your base. Your location is pinged for all players every 7 seconds.
  • Gold Rush - gather 2000 gold before you die, bloodlusted.
  • Rampage - kill 50 creeps before you die.

Only one challenge of each type can be active at any one time, but two challenges can be held at the same time by a single player (advisable to choose Gold Rush and another challenge).

Heroes

The hero variants of Outland differ from other versions in many ways. Firstly, experience gain is slower at the start of a game, and items take priority. Secondly, the heros are much more functional towards their purpose, for example, the Blood Raven is an excellent "hero-killer", yet her "pushing" (See Lingo below) skills are weak, unless her entire item build (order and selection of items) is focused upon it, causing her to become only moderate at both.

Hero killing is also a harder task to perform, as heros are generally more resilient, and all heroes have access to an "escape move" (ability which aids in escaping from a hero trying to kill another hero). There are many "special" hero types in Outland, which have entirely different gameplay from other heros, most notably the "Shadowdancer" whose movement style is based on "blinking" (short distance teleportation). Heroes with these abilities are designated by red text displaying the abilities when selecting the hero.

Lingo

The following are commonly used in DotA games as a mean of communicating with other players. They are also known as the "DotA language".

Note: this is by no means an exhaustive list; also, certain terms are only applicable to particular variants of DotA.

Instructions

  • b - Short for "back", used to cue team members to retreat.
  • d - Short for "drop", often used to urge other players to drop a lagging player.
  • rax - Used to signal team members to destroy their opponents' Barracks (The term rax/racks originates from the short form for Barracks).
  • all mid/top/bottom - Used to signal team members to push/rush to a certain lane. Done when players want to ambush enemy heroes, counter push or just do an attempt to take down "rax".

Actions

  • back - Used to cue team members to retreat.
  • boom - Instruction to detonate mines laid by the Goblin Techies (Allstars), to damage enemies.
  • creep - A creep is a unit that is not controlled by a player. Killing a creep yields gold for the player that killed it. In DotA this refers to those fighting on the two sides as well as neutral ones. Also used as a verb to refer to killing creeps.
  • farm - This refers to the strategy of exclusively killing creeps in order to purchase better weapons and gain experience faster. More specifically, in the absence of enemy heroes.
  • flood - Teams "flood" when multiple players on the same team mass in one lane, usually with the intent of destroying an enemy tower or creep generator, but sometimes also to "gangbang" enemy heroes.
  • gangbang (gb)/rape - the act of multiple heroes converging on one hero to kill that hero (this term may be offensive to some).
  • gank - When a hero is gangbanged from several sides. A portmanteau of "gangbang" and "flank" (this term may be offensive to some).
  • hero hunting - When a hero abandons his lane in an attempt to ambush and kill enemy heroes in another lane, generally by hiding in the woods for extended periods of time.
  • pawn/pwn - Generally means 'to kill an enemy hero'.
  • push - Pushing is the main objective of DotA. It is accomplished by staying in a lane and advancing on enemy towers to destroy them.
  • own(ed) - Complete and utter domination of the enemy. Generally typed after killing an enemy hero while suffering little to no damage to oneself, or at the end of a one-sided game (i.e. imbalanced due to skill differences of players) where it is directed at the losing team as a whole. Derived from the Allstars verbal notification "Ownage", after a team garners continuous kills over the enemy team without losing a team member.

Strategies

  • bs/backstab - the tactic of ambushing (backstabbing) heroes; which is common among stealth heroes such as Stealth Assasin and Lifestealer (DotA) or Bounty Hunter and Bone Fletcher (Allstars).
  • pump/pool- the process of team members working together to give items or gold to a single player, especially expensive and powerful items for the purpose of strengthening a particular hero; sometimes seen as bad sportsmanship. In DotA, gold and items can both be given. In Allstars, Clan TDA condones pumping to up to 3000 gold worth of permanent items per player.
  • backdooring/skipping/cheesing - tactic of going behind the current enemy line, with characters that have teleporting features, such as the Prophet (hero in AllStars), or skills that grant invisibility such as windwalk, and destroying enemy structures without killing creeps first. Clan TDA defines backdooring as initiating an attack on an enemy structure without the presence of supporting creeps. Many players consider this underhanded to the point of cheating and it is is hotly debated as to whether backdooring should be allowed in official games.

Insults

  • feeder - Refers to a player who is repeatedly killed by opposing heroes to gain experience/gold at a faster rate. Also commonly used to describe a person who commits suicide intentionally to aid the enemy team. A feeder is generally an annoyance or a burden to the team who may ultimately lead to the downfall of their teammates.
  • lamer - A player who exploits the imbalances or bugs in a game to gain the upper hand without merit of skill. Occasionally used as an insult to enemy players.
  • leaver - A player who leaves a game intentionally. Commonly used as an insult to refer to a player who leaves because they dislike a game or its players or because they believe that they cannot win. Generally a leaving player makes it harder for his teammates to win and makes victory by the other team less satisfying.
  • noob/noobie/newb/newbie/etc. - Refers to a player who is new to the game and does not know the heroes, tactics and/or items. Newbie may be a term of merely "beginner level" - a newbie is often helped and given explanation by others, and usually strives to learn more about the game. Noob is mostly used in insulting other players, especially players who are arrogant or unskilled. They can be considered as players that are unwilling to learn or be taught.
  • puller - A player who lags too much from the other players may be disconnected due to high lag times. Prior to disconnecting, the game is frozen and a countdown timer is shown. Some players deliberately pull their connections (i.e. physically pulling out the Ethernet cable, hence the name) to lag out. Some pullers do this to avoid getting blacklisted for leaving, others just cannot bear the shame of outright leaving the game.
  • "†" - more commonly used by the European DotA population, sent to the opponent to taunt him after a kill, refering to a gravestone (input via ASCII code ALT+0134 on the Numeric Keypad).
  • "AZWEN" - more commonly used by the Asian DotA population, sent to the opponent telling him tht he is an Azwen aka loser.

Comments

  • bg - Short for "bad game." Usually used when a leaver/lagger/newbie destroys the entire gameplay.
  • gg - Short for "good game." Literally, it is just an expression to show that the players appreciate the game. May also mean "a good match"; or said out of courtesy during the game's end. However, it is often used to signal the end of a game or a point where the game cannot be won by a team.
  • rr/rm/rmk/rs - Short for "restart round"/"restart match"/"remake"/"restart."

Hero classifications

Specific to Classic

Note: this applies for DotA Classic only.

  • Defenders - Defenders are heroes who, in general, have area of effect spells. They use these spells to prevent creeps from destroying their team's buildings.
  • Hero Killers - Heroes which are best at killing other heroes. They include the Troll Warlord, Storm Spirit, Bone Fletcher and Juggernaut.
  • Siegers - Siegers are heroes, usually with high hit points or armor, who are built to destroy enemy buildings. As they can usually stay attacking for a long time without inteference, they are termed siegers.
  • Supporters - As the name suggests, Supporters are heroes who aid others. They usually have a secondary use. Examples are the healers, Purity's Disciple and Soulrender.

Specific to Allstars

Note: this applies for DotA Allstars only.

  • assassins - heroes which specialize at killing other heroes quickly through physical damage. All of them have some form of invisibility. (Bone Clinkz/Bounty Hunter with WindWalk, Stealth Assassin with Permanent Invisibility)
  • disablers - heroes which possess the ability to disable other characters with Hex, or any form of stuns (Shadow Shaman with Voodoo/Shackles, Pudge with Dismember).
  • nukers - heroes which possess the ability to cause massive amounts of damage in a single instant, usually via use of multiple abilities (Lion with Impale+Finger of Death, Slayer with Dragon Slave+Light Strike Array+Laguna Blade).
  • pushers - heroes which can quickly destroy enemy towers/creep generators due to their ability to summon additional units (Prophet with Treants, Silencer with Infernals, Keeper of the Light with Ignuus Fatuus/Liberated Souls)
  • spammers - heroes which spam offensive spells repeatedly in an attempt to hero kill or disrupt the opponents play (this frequently causes enemy heroes to go back to their "fountain" to heal, thereby wasting time and Hero experience points) (Zeus with Lightning Arc-2 second cooldown).
  • stunners - heroes which possess the ability to stun other characters, such as Impale, Storm Bolt, and Burrowstrike.
  • tankers/tanks - heroes which can absorb huge amounts of damage (high HP/armor), typically used to destroy enemy towers (Treant Protector with Living Armor, Centaur Warchief with high Strength, Morphling with high Strength).

Miscellaneous

  • imba - Imbalanced. Used to indicate a hero, item or team that is considered inherently to be too strong.
  • inhouse - a game in which players who join are from a specific channel/clan, usually seen as more of a competitive style of play as opposed to public games.
  • ks - Kill Steal. Used to indicate the action of an enemy hero coming and stealing another hero's kill; for example a hero attacks an enemy until near death, and the hero who "ks" delivers the final attack to the enemy, thereby getting a kill point (for any version of DotA). May also be extended to tower kills. Usually this type of action is not encouraged.
  • Morbazan - A NPC near the first tower on the Scourge side. Bringing the items Null Chain, Oblivion Staff and Void Stone to him will result in him creating a new item, Morbazan's Flux Staff. Each hero can only make one (Classic only).
  • player 13 - Neutral creeps.
  • pub - a public game, opposite of "inhouse".
  • Roshan - The strongest neutral creep in the map, near the first tower on the Scourge side. All players of a team will receive +800 gold if the killing blow is made by a player on the team (Allstars). In newer versions, Roshan has a slight chance to drop an item as well.
  • Saithis - A NPC at the bottom right of the map. Bringing the items Hyperstone, Spider Queen Band (colloquially referred to as SQB) and Ogre Axe will result in her creating the item Saithis's Lance. (Classic 3.8 and later only).
  • sg - a suffix often added to game titles meaning the game host is from Singapore and therefore prefering Singaporean players. This is because the geographical closeness of players within the game affects latency. Sometimes mistaken as "short game." Other suffixes are now appearing like ph, (for Philippines) because of the same issue.

External links

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