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Jesse Alexander Helms, Jr.
United States Senator from North Carolina
In office January 3 1973 – January 3 2003
Preceded by	B. Everett Jordan
Succeeded by	Elizabeth Dole
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
In office January 3 1995 – January 3 2001
Preceded by	Claiborne Pell
Succeeded by	Joe Biden
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
In office January 3 1981 – January 3 1987
Preceded by	Herman Talmadge
Succeeded by	Patrick Leahy
Personal details
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Dorothy "Dot" Helms

Jesse Alexander Helms, Jr. (18 October 1921 – 4 July 2008) was a five-term Republican United States Senator from North Carolina who served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1995 - 2001.

Helms was an outspoken conservative and segregationist who "subtly carried the torch of white supremacy" opposing school integration, the Civil Rights Act and the commemoration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. Helms was also a "master obstructionist" and self-described "redneck" who relished his nickname, “Senator No”. He opposed civil rights, homosexuality (as well as gay rights), affirmative action, tax increases, abortion, foreign aid, communism, and modern art. Helms was an icon of conservatism in the United States respected for his steadfastness of convictions; he "never apologized" unlike other Southern politicians from the same time like Strom Thurmond, George Wallace or George Byrd.

Helms was a major influence on social conservatism; credited with intervening to rescue Ronald Reagan's political career and also praised for his ability to connect complicated ideas on a level that spoke to ordinary people. Helms' influence can been seen in how political campaigns have developed, "his mastery of new media techniques and technology convinced many liberals they had to invest in the Internet and build up the passions of their base."

Helms was the longest-serving popularly-elected senator in North Carolina history and was widely credited with shifting the one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party into a competitive two-party state that usually votes Republican in presidential elections. The Helms-controlled National Congressional Club's state-of-the-art direct mail operation raised millions for Helms and other conservative candidates allowing Helms to aim "for the jugular" in his campaigns.

Family and education

Helms was born in Monroe, North Carolina, where his father, called "Big Jesse", served as chief of police. In 1942, Helms married Dorothy "Dot" Coble, whom he met at Wake Forest University. Jesse and Dot had three children: Jane, Nancy of Raleigh, and Charles Helms of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Charles, their third son, was a nine-year-old orphan with cerebral palsy when they adopted him. They decided to adopt after reading in a newspaper that Charles wanted a mother and father for Christmas. The couple had seven grandchildren and one great-grandchild. Helms also attended Wingate Junior College (now Wingate University) but quit before graduation to be a reporter for The Raleigh Times. He held honorary degrees from several universities including Bob Jones University, Grove City College, Campbell University, and Wingate University.

Early career (1940 - 1972)

Helms' first full-time job after college was as a sports reporter with The Raleigh Times. During World War II, Helms served stateside as a recruiter in the United States Navy. After the war, he pursued his twin interests, journalism and politics (at this time, within the Democratic Party). Helms became the city news editor of The Raleigh Times, and later moved to radio and television.

In 1950, Helms became a researcher and strategist for segregationist candidate Willis Smith's bid for the U.S. Senate. Smith was a conservative Democratic lawyer, president of the North Carolina Bar Association, and former president of the American Bar Association. While working on the primary campaign against Frank Porter Graham, Helms helped create an ad that read, "White people, wake up before it is too late. Do you want Negroes working beside you, your wife and your daughters, in your mills and factories? Frank Graham favors mingling of the races." After winning the election Smith hired Helms to be his administrative assistant in Washington, D.C.. In 1952, Helms worked on the Democratic presidential campaign of Georgia Senator Richard Russell. When Smith suddenly died in 1953, Helms returned to Raleigh and from 1953 - 1960 was executive director of the North Carolina Bankers Association.

Helms worked on the unsuccessful 1960 Democratic primary gubernatorial campaign of I. Beverly Lake, Sr., who ran on a platform of racial segregation. The U.S Supreme Court had recently handed down the Cooper v. Aaron decision insisting on the dismantling of segregated school systems and that combined with the lunch-counter demonstrations in Greensboro compelled him to run. Lake lost to Terry Sanford, who ran as a racial moderate willing to implement the federal government's policy of school integration.

Capital Broadcasting Company

In 1960 Helms joined the Raleigh-based Capitol Broadcasting Company (CBC) as the executive vice-president, vice chairman of the board, and assistant chief executive officer. His daily CBC editorials on WRAL-TV, given at the end of each night's local news broadcast in Raleigh, made Helms famous as a conservative commentator throughout eastern North Carolina. The editorials featured folksy anecdotes interwoven with vivid conservative viewpoints. He referred to The News and Observer, his former employer, as the "Nuisance and Disturber" for its promotion of liberal views. Helms commented on the 1963 civil rights protests, "The Negro cannot count forever on the kind of restraint that's thus far left him free to clog the streets, disrupt traffic, and interfere with other men's rights." He also wrote, "Crime rates and irresponsibility among Negroes are a fact of life which must be faced".

The University of North Carolina, which had a reputation of liberalism in the state, was a frequent target of Helms' criticism: in one editorial he suggested a wall be erected around the campus to prevent the university's liberal views from "infecting" the rest of the state. Helms also referred to the university as the "University of Negroes And Communists".

Although his editorials created controversy, they also made him popular with conservative voters helping him win a seat on the Raleigh City Council in 1957. He served for four years. He was at Capitol Broadcasting Company until he was elected to the Senate in 1972.

Senate campaign of 1972

Helms announced his candidacy for a seat in the United States Senate in 1972. His campaign was managed by Thomas F. Ellis who would later be instrumental in Ronald Reagan's 1976 campaign and also became the chair of the National Congressional Club. He won the Republican primary with 60.1 percent of the vote and eliminated two intraparty opponents. Meanwhile, Democrats retired the ailing Senator B. Everett Jordan, who lost his primary to Congressman Nick Galifianakis, a Greek American, from Durham, North Carolina. Helms played upon Galifianakis' ethnicity during the campaign using the campaign slogan "Vote for Helms — He's One of Us!" Helms became the first Republican elected to the Senate from North Carolina in the 20th century. Helms polled 795,248 (54 percent) to Galifianakis' 677,293 (46 percent).

Senate career (1973-2002)

1976 Republican National Convention

Helms gave Ronald Reagan crucial support in 1976 in the pivotal North Carolina GOP primary that paved the way for Reagan's presidential election in 1980. The support of Helms, alongside Raleigh-based campaign operative Tom Ellis, was instrumental in Reagan winning the 1976 North Carolina primary and later presenting a major challenge to President Gerald Ford at the 1976 Republican National Convention. According to author Craig Shirley, the two men deserve credit "for breathing life into the dying Reagan campaign". Going into the primary, Reagan had lost all the primaries including in New Hampshire where he had been favored, and was two million dollars in debt with a growing number of Republican leaders calling for his exit. A considerable grassroots effort formed by Ellis and backed by Helms delivered an upset victory. The momentum generated in North Carolina carried Ronald Reagan to primary wins in Texas, California, and other critical states, evening the contest between Reagan and Ford thus forcing undeclared delegates to choose at the 1976 convention. Despite the loss for Reagan at the convention, the intervention of Helms and Ellis arguably led to the most important conservative primary victory in the history of the Republican Party. This victory enabled Reagan to contest the 1976 Republican Presidential nomination, and later to win the next nomination at the 1980 Republican National Convention and ultimately Presidency of the United States. According to Craig Shirley,

Had Reagan lost North Carolina, despite his public pronouncements, his revolutionary challenge to Ford, along with his political career, would have ended unceremoniously. He would have made a gracious exit speech, cut a deal with the Ford forces to eliminate his campaign debt, made a minor speech at the Kansas City Convention later that year, and returned to his ranch in Santa Barbara. He would probably have only reemerged to make speeches and cut radio commercials to supplement his income. And Reagan would have faded into political oblivion.

Helms was later angered by the announcement that Reagan would ask the 1976 Republican National Convention to, if nominated, make moderate Pennsylvania Senator Richard Schweiker his running mate for the general election. According to Helms, after being told by Ronald Reagan of the decision, he noted the hour because, "I wanted to record for posterity the exact time I received the shock of my life." Nevertheless, Helms continued to back Reagan, and the two remained close friends and political allies through the duration of Reagan's political career.

1978 reelection campaign

Helms ran for reelection against state Insurance Commissioner John Ingram in 1978. In a low-turnout, off-year election Helms received 619,151 votes (54.5 percent) to Ingram's 516,663 (45.5 percent). The election gave Helms his largest margin of victory in his five Senate campaigns.

During this term Helms hired James Meredith, most famous as the first African-American ever admitted to the University of Mississippi, as a domestic advisor to his Senate office staff. This was met by much criticism from some civil rights groups, but Helms countered that by saying he wanted "the best people, and it doesn't matter what their color is."

Second Senate term (1979–1985)

Helms was an advocate of the tobacco industry since much of North Carolina's rural economy relies on tobacco. (Hubert Humphrey once said that, "I'll trade Jesse Helms his tobacco vote for my wheat support any day.") Tobacco companies such as R. J. Reynolds and Philip Morris had supported him, both directly and through donations to the Jesse Helms Center at Wingate University. Helms became chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee in the 1980s.

Helms opposed the Martin Luther King Day bill in 1983 on grounds that King had two associates with communist ties, Stanley Levison and Jack O'Dell. Helms led the Senatorial opposition to the bill and voiced disapproval of King's alleged philandering.

Though a chairman of a major Senate committee, he regularly eschewed invitations to go on Sunday interview programs, claiming his constituents did not watch them. He also advised a young press aide not to write a letter to The New York Times after one of its editorials condemned Helms: again, since most of the constituency did not subscribe to the paper, there was no need for him to engage the paper in a dispute.

Helms had close ties with and was considered a main sponsor of the right-wing Salvadoran Nationalist Republican Alliance and its leader and death squad founder Roberto D'Aubuisson. When confronted with evidence that D'Aubuisson ran death squads that systematically murdered civilians, he replied that "ll I know, is that D'Aubuisson is a free enterprise man and deeply religious."

Helms condemned the forced labour camps established by the USSR. Helms opposed Fidel Castro, arms control treaties and supported the contras in Nicaragua as well as the right-wing government of El Salvador.

1984 reelection campaign

In 1984, in the most expensive Senate campaign up to that time, Helms narrowly defeated powerful two-term Governor Jim Hunt, thanks in part to then-President Ronald Reagan's support and popularity in North Carolina. Helms polled 1,156,768 (51.7 percent) to Hunt's 1,070,488 (47.8 percent).

HIV legislation and opposition to AIDS funding 1983-1990

I didn’t come to Washington to get along and win any popularity contests.

— Jesse Helms, Washington D.C. in 1989, New York Times

In 1987 Helms added the "Helms Amendment" to the Supplemental Appropriations Act, which directed the president to use executive authority to add HIV infection to the list of excludable diseases which prevent both travel and immigration to the United States. The ban passed over objections from international public health officials and organizations who noted that this policy runs counter to established World Health Organization and International Red Cross policies. The action was also opposed by the U.S. Public Health Service. Congress restored the executive authority to remove HIV from the list of excludable conditions in the 1990 Immigration Reform Act, and in January 1991, Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan announced he would delete HIV from the list of excludable conditions. A letter-writing campaign headed by Helms ultimately convinced President Bush not to lift the ban, and left the United States the only industrialized nation in the world to prohibit travel based on HIV status. The ban remains in effect as of 2008. The travel ban caused the cancellation of the 1992 International AIDS Conference in Boston.

Helms was "bitterly opposed to federal financing of AIDS research and treatment". Opposing the Kennedy-Hatch AIDS bill in 1988, Helms stated, "There is not one single case of AIDS in this country that cannot be traced in origin to sodomy." When Ryan White died in 1990, his mother went to Congress to speak to politicians on behalf of people with AIDS. She spoke to 23 representatives: Helms refused to speak to her even when she was alone with him in an elevator. Despite opposition by Helms, the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Care (CARE) Act passed in 1990.

1990 reelection campaign

Helms ran for reelection in a nationally publicized and rancorous campaign against the former mayor of Charlotte, Harvey Gantt, in his "bid to become the nation's only black Senator" and "the first black elected to the Senate from the South since Reconstruction". Helms aired a late-running television commercial which showed a white man's hands ripping up a rejection notice from a company that gave the job to a "less qualified minority"; the ad was criticized for perceived subliminal racial content. The advert was produced by Alex Castellanos, considered the father of attack ads, who later made a Bush campaign advert criticizing Al Gore's healthcare policies and flashing the word 'RATS' over the top of it. Helms won the election with 1,087,331 votes (52.5 percent) to Gantt's 981,573 (47.4 percent). In his victory statement, Helms noted the unhappiness of some media outlets over his victory, quoting a line from "Casey at the Bat": "There's no joy in Mudville tonight. The mighty ultraliberal establishment, and the liberal politicians and editors and commentators and columnists have struck out."

Fourth Senate term (1991–1997)

Republicans regained control of Congress after the 1994 elections and Helms became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In that role, he pushed for reform of the United Nations and blocked payment of the United States' dues. As he gained seniority and clout, Helms became known as "Senator No", a nickname he reportedly delighted in, because he obstructed Democratic bills and presidential appointments. Helms passed few laws of his own in part because of this bridge-burning style. Hedrik Smith's The Power Game depicts several senators specifically blocking Helms' goals as result of his intransigence. Helms vehemently opposed granting Most favoured nation status to China, citing human rights concerns.

Helms was a supporter of the late Chilean President Augusto Pinochet.

In 1994, Helms created a sensation when, on the anniversary of John F. Kennedy's assassination, he told broadcasters Rowland Evans, Jr., and Robert Novak that Clinton was "not up" to the tasks of being commander-in-chief and suggested Clinton, "better not show up around here without a bodyguard." Helms said Clinton was so unpopular and said he hadn't meant it as a threat.

In a widely publicized and controversial incident, Helms deeply offended Carol Moseley-Braun, the first black woman in the Senate and the only black Senator at the time. Soon after the Senate vote on the Confederate flag insignia, which opponents saw as an overt symbol of racism - both for the history of racial slavery in the United States and for establishment of Jim Crow laws, Helms ran into Mosely-Braun in an elevator. Helms turned to his friend, Sen. Orrin Hatch (R.-Utah), and said, "Watch me make her cry. I'm going to make her cry. I'm going to sing 'Dixie' until she cries." He then proceeded to sing the song about "the good life" during slavery to Mosely-Braun. Helms later blocked Mosely-Brauns' nomination to be U.S. ambassador to New Zealand.

Opposition to AIDS CARE Act funding

Having attempted, and failed, to block passage of the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Care (CARE) Act passed in 1990, Helms tried to block its refunding in 1995, saying that those with AIDS were responsible for the disease, because they had contracted it because of their "deliberate, disgusting, revolting conduct", and falsely claiming that more federal dollars were spent on AIDS than heart disease or cancer. His opposition to the spending was consonant with his long term anti-gay rhetoric and opposition to civil rights for gay men and women generally. Helms had declared homosexuality "degenerate," and homosexuals "weak, morally sick wretches."

1996 reelection campaign

In 1996, Helms drew 1,345,833 (52.6 percent) to Gantt's 1,173,875 (45.9 percent). Helms supported his former Senate colleague Bob Dole for president, while Gantt endorsed Bill Clinton. Gantt said several years later, "The tension that he creates, the fear he creates in people, is how he's won campaigns." Although Helms is generally credited with being the most successful Republican politician in North Carolina history, his largest proportion of the vote in any of his five elections was 54.5 percent. In North Carolina Helms was a polarizing figure, and he freely admitted that many people in the state strongly disliked him: "They (the Democrats) could nominate Mortimer Snerd and he'd automatically get 45 percent of the vote." Helms was particularly popular among older, conservative constituents and was considered one of the last "Old South" politicians to have served in the Senate. However, he also considered himself a voice of conservative youth, whom he hailed in the dedication of his autobiography. Under Helms' banner, many conservative Democrats in eastern North Carolina switched parties and began to vote increasingly Republican.

Fifth Senate term

In 2000, Bono sought out Jesse Helms to discuss increasing U.S. aid to Africa. In Africa, AIDS is a disease that is primarily transmitted heterosexually, and Helms sympathized with Bono's description of "the pain it is bringing to infants and children and their families". Helms insisted that Bono involve the international community and private sector, so that relief efforts would not be paid for by "just Americans". Helms coauthored a bill authorizing $600 million for international AIDS relief efforts. In 2002, Helms announced that he was ashamed to have done so little during his Senate career to fight the worldwide spread of AIDS and pledged to do more during his last few months in the Senate. Helms spoke with special appreciation of the efforts of Janet Museveni, first lady of Uganda, for her efforts to stop the spread of AIDS through a campaign based on "biblical values and sexual purity."

Because of recurring health problems, including bone disorders, prostate cancer, and heart disease, Helms did not seek re-election in 2002. His Senate seat was won by Elizabeth Dole, wife of long-time colleague and former Senator Bob Dole.

Post-Senate life (2003-2008)

In 2004, he spoke out for the election of Republican U.S. Representative Richard Burr, who, like Elizabeth Dole two years earlier, defeated Democrat Erskine Bowles to win the other North Carolina Senate seat. In September 2005, Random House published his memoir Here's Where I Stand. In his memoirs, he likened abortion to the Holocaust and the September 11 terrorist attacks stating, "I will never be silent about the death of those who cannot speak for themselves." Helms had also been recruited by pop star Bono for charity work. Jerry Falwell's Liberty University opened the Jesse Helms School of Government with Helms was present at the dedication; he designated Wingate University as the repository of the official papers and historical items from his Senate career.

Helms' health remained in poor after retiring from the Senate in 2003 and in April 2006, news reports disclosed that Helms had multi-infarct dementia, which leads to failing memory and diminished cognitive function, as well as a number of physical difficulties. He was later moved into a convalescent center near his home.

Death

Helms died of vascular dementia during the early morning hours of July 4, 2008, at the age of 86. He is buried in Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Bibliography

• When Free Men Shall Stand (1976); Zondervan Pub. House.
• Empire for Liberty: A Sovereign America and Her Moral Mission (2001); by National Book Network.
• Here’s Where I Stand: A Memoir (2005); New York: Random House.

References

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2. ^ Holmes, Steven A. (5 July 2008). "Jesse Helms Dies at 86; Conservative Force in the Senate". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
3. "Former Sen. Jesse Helms dies". CNN.com. 2008-07-04.
4. Wickham, DeWayne (8 July 2008). "Helms Subtly Carried Torch of White Supremacy". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
5. ^ Nichols, John (4 July 2008). "Jesse Helms, John McCain and the Mark of the White Hands". The Nation. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
6. Neuman, Johanna (5 July 2008). "Segregationist former US Sen. Jesse Helms dies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
7. Robertson, Gary D. (2008-07-06). "Helms never changed on civil rights opposition". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
8. Curtis, Mary C. (6 July 2008). "A Senator Who Said No To Change: Helms is admired for remaining steadfast in his beliefs, but not necessarily for what some of those beliefs were". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
9. ^ "Jesse Helms: The Far-right Senator Who Refused To Compromise". The Week. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
10. Williams, Juan (12 July 2008). "Jesse Helms was no hero". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
11. Holmes, Steven A. (4 July 2008). "Jesse Helms, Hardline Republican, Dies at 86". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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17. "Jesse Helms: Senator for North Carolina who Took an Uncompromisingly Conservative View of Race, AIDS and Communism". Telegraph News. 7 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
18. Rooney, Devin (10 July 2008). "State, U.S. leaders remember Helms: Senator was a conservative icon". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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21. "Jesse Helms, former senator, conservative icon, dies". Bloomberg News. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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29. (WRAL-TV commentary, 1963)
30. Kevin, Sack (2001-08-26). "Ideas & Trends; The Quotations of Chairman Helms: Race, God, AIDS and More". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
32. Tar Heel Politics 2000. University of North Carolina Press. 1998. p. 31. ISBN 0807824526.
33. ^ Shirley, Craig (2005-01-20). Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All. Thomas Nelson. p. 448. ISBN 978-0785260493.
34. Dewar, Helen (1983-10-04). "Helms Stalls King's Day In Senate". Washington Post.
35. Bronstein, Phil (July 8 2008). "Jesse Helms and his arms-trading staff". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
36. Melissa McEwan, Melissa McEwan (July 7 2008). "Republican dinosaur: Although he fought every progressive cause, Jesse Helms aimed special enmity towards black people". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
37. Arthur Jones (September 23 1994). "El Salvador revisited: a look a declassified State Department documents - some of what U.S. government knew - and when it knew it". {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
38. Eric Bates (May/June 1995). "What You Need to Know about Jesse Helms". {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
39. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080704/ap_on_re_us/obit_helms
40. Teri, Allan H. (1992). AIDS and the Law: A Basic Guide for the Nonlawyer. Taylor & Francis. pp. p. 78. ISBN 1560322187. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
41. Blumenfeld, Warren J. (1993). Looking at Gay and Lesbian Life. Beacon Press. pp. p. 335-6. ISBN 0807079235. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
42. Teri, Allan H. (1992). AIDS and the Law: A Basic Guide for the Nonlawyer. Taylor & Francis. pp. p. 78. ISBN 1560322187. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
43. Holmes, Steven A. (2000-07-05). "Jesse Helms Dies at 86; Conservative Force in the Senate". The New York Times.
44. States News Service, 5/17/88
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48. Reichert, Tom (2002). "Sex in Advertising: Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal". Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; ISBN:0805841180. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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50. Cornwell, Rupert (7 July 2008). "Jesse Helms: Powerful Republican senator who championed right-wing causes during three decades in Congress". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
51. Peskowitz, Miriam (2005). "The Truth Behind the Mommy Wars: Who Decides what Makes a Good Mother?". Seal Press; ISBN:1580051294. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
52. Borger, Julian (2000-09-13). "Dirty rats leave Gore a subliminal message". The Guardian.
53. John Egan, RATS ad: Subliminal conspiracy?, BBC, September 13, 2000
54. Elliston, Jon (2001-05-23). "Deadly Alliance: New evidence shows how far Jesse Helms went to support Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet". Indy Week.
55. Duffy, Michael (1994-12-05). "What's on Jesse's Mind?". Time.
56. Gannett News Service, 1993-09-02
57. Time, 1993-08-16).
58. "End of Racism?". FAIR. 1996-03-01.
59. "Jesse Helms Oct. 18, 1921 - July 4, 2008". Winston-Salem Journal. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
60. ^ Reaves, Jessica (27 October 1999). "Is Jesse Helms Whistling 'Dixie' Over Nomination?". Time. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
61. (Chicago Sun-Times, 8/5/93)
63. Nichols, John (4 July 2008). "Jesse Helms, John McCain and the Mark of the White Hands". The Nation. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
64. Seelye, Katharine Q (1995-07-05). "Helms Puts the Brakes to a Bill Financing AIDS Treatment". The New York Times.
65. Newsweek, December 5, 1994
66. Helms, Jesse (2006-04-30). "Bono". Time magazine.
67. Hurt, Charles (2002-03-14). "Helms Brings Hollywood to the Hill". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
68. Wagner, John (2002-02-21). "Helms admits 'shame' over inaction on AIDS". The News & Observer, Raleigh, North Carolina. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
69. Christensen, Ron (2006-04-02). "Age takes toll on Helms". The News & Observer.
70. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.whlems0704/BNStory/International/home

External links

• Jesse Helms Center
• "Conservative icon Jesse Helms dead at 86". WRAL. 2008-07-04. Obituary.
• Senator No: Jesse Helms—UNC-TV biographical documentary by independent filmmaker John Wilson

v t e United States senators from North Carolina
Class 2	Johnston Martin Franklin Turner Stokes Branch Brown Mangum Reid Bragg Abbott Ransom Butler Simmons Bailey Umstead Broughton F. P. Graham Smith Lennon Scott Jordan Helms Dole Hagan Tillis
Class 3	Hawkins Bloodworth Stone Franklin Stone Locke Macon Iredell Mangum Strange W. A. Graham Haywood Badger Biggs Clingman Pool Merrimon Vance Jarvis Pritchard Overman Morrison Reynolds Hoey Ervin Morgan East Broyhill Sanford Faircloth Edwards Burr Budd

• 1921 births
• 2008 deaths
• United States Senators from North Carolina
• American anti-communists
• Dixiecrats
• United States Navy officers
• American newspaper reporters and correspondents
• American military personnel of World War II
• American memoirists
• Baptists from the United States
• People from the Triangle, North Carolina
• Conservatives
• North Carolina Republicans