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LOL (also written with some or all letters lowercase) is a common element of Internet slang used historically on Usenet but now widespread in other forms of computer-mediated communication, and even face-to-face communication. It is an abbreviation for "laughing out loud" or "laugh out loud". LOL is one of many initialisms for expressing bodily reactions, in particular laughter, as text, including initialisms such as ROTFL ("roll(ing) on the floor laughing"), a more emphatic expression of laughter, and BWL ("bursting with laughter"), above which there is "no greater compliment" according to technology columnist Larry Magid. Other unrelated expansions include the now mostly historical "lots of luck" or "lots of love" used in letter-writing.

The list of acronyms "grows by the month" and they are collected along with emoticons and smileys into folk dictionaries that are circulated informally amongst users of Usenet, IRC, and other forms of (textual) computer-mediated communication. These initialisms are controversial, and several authors recommend against their use, either in general or in specific contexts such as business communications.

Analysis

Laccetti (professor of humanities at Stevens Institute of Technology) and Molsk, in their essay entitled The Lost Art of Writing, are critical of the acronyms, predicting reduced chances of employment for students who use such acronyms, stating that, "Unfortunately for these students, their bosses will not be 'lol' when they read a report that lacks proper punctuation and grammar, has numerous misspellings, various made-up words, and silly acronyms." Fondiller and Nerone in their style manual assert that "professional or business communication should never be careless or poorly constructed" whether one is writing an electronic mail message or an article for publication, and warn against the use of smileys and these abbreviations, stating that they are "no more than e-mail slang and have no place in business communication".

Yunker and Barry in a study of online courses and how they can be improved through podcasting have found that these acronyms, and emoticons as well, are "often misunderstood" by students and are "difficult to decipher" unless their meanings are explained in advance. They single out the example of "ROFL" as not obviously being the abbreviation of "rolling on the floor laughing" (emphasis added). Haig singles out LOL as one of the three most popular initialisms in Internet slang, alongside BFN ("bye for now") and IMHO ("in my humble opinion"). He describes these acronyms, and the various initialisms of Internet slang in general, as convenient, but warns that "as ever more obscure acronyms emerge they can also be rather confusing". Bidgoli likewise states that these initialisms "save keystrokes for the sender but might make comprehension of the message more difficult for the receiver" and that "lang may hold different meanings and lead to misunderstandings especially in international settings"; he advises that they be used "only when you are sure that the other person knows the meaning".

Shortis observes that ROTFL is a means of "annotating text with stage directions". Hueng, in discussing these acronyms in the context of performative utterances, points out the difference between telling someone that one is laughing out loud and actually laughing out loud: "The latter response is a straightforward action. The former is a self-reflexive representation of an action: I not only do something but also show you that I am doing it. Or indeed, I may not actually laugh out loud but may use the locution 'LOL' to communicate my appreciation of your attempt at humor."

David Crystal notes that use of LOL is not necessarily genuine, just as the use of smiley faces or grins is not necessarily genuine, posing the rhetorical question "How many people are actually 'laughing out loud' when they send LOL?". Franzini concurs, stating that there is as yet no research that has determined the percentage of people who are actually laughing out loud when they write "LOL".

Victoria Clarke, in her analysis of telnet talkers, states that capitalization is important when people write "LOL", and that "a user who types LOL may well be laughing louder than one who types lol", and opines that "these standard expressions of laughter are losing force through overuse". Egan describes LOL, ROTFL, and other initialisms as helpful as long as they are not overused. He recommends against their use in business correspondence because the recipient may not be aware of their meanings, and because in general neither they nor emoticons are (in his view) appropriate in such correspondence. June Hines Moore shares that view. So, too, does Lindsell-Roberts, who gives the same advice of not using them in business correspondence, "or you won't be LOL".

Spread from written to spoken communication

LOL, ROFL, LMFAO, and other initialisms have crossed from computer-mediated communication to face-to-face communication. Teenagers now sometimes use them in spoken communication as well as in written, with ROFL (Template:Pron-en or /ˈrɒfəl/) and LOL (pronounced /ˈloʊl/, /ˈlɒl/, or /ˌɛloʊˈɛl/), for example. David Crystal—likening the introduction of LOL, ROFL, and others into spoken language in magnitude to the revolution of Johannes Gutenberg's invention of movable type in the 15th century—states that this is "a brand new variety of language evolving", invented by young people within five years, that "extend the range of the language, the expressiveness the richness of the language". Commentators disagree, saying that these new words, being abbreviations for existing, long-used, phrases, don't "enrich" anything; they just shorten it.

Geoffrey K. Pullum points out that even if interjections such as LOL and ROTFL were to become very common in spoken English, their "total effect on language" would be "utterly trivial".

Conversely, a 2003 study of college students by Naomi Baron found that the use of these initialisms in computer-mediated communication (CMC), specifically in instant messaging, was actually lower than she had expected. The students "used few abbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons". The spelling was "reasonably good" and contractions were "not ubiquitous". Out of 2,185 transmissions, there were 90 initialisms in total, only 31 CMC-style abbreviations, and 49 emoticons. Out of the 90 initialisms, 76 were occurrences of "lol".

Variations on the theme

Despite it being an English acronym, it is often used by non-English speakers as-is, even in other scripts (e.g. Hebrew: לול, Cyrillic: лол, Arabic: لول).

Translations in widespread use

Most of these variants are usually found in lowercase.

• lal or lawl: can refer to either a pseudo-pronunciation of LOL, or the German translation (although most German speakers use LOL). Saying "lawl" is sometimes meant in mockery of those who use the term LOL, and not meant as serious usage.
• ｗ: used commonly in 2channel, a Japanese equivalent of the acronym. 'ｗ' stands for 笑う (わらう, warau), which means "to laugh" in Japanese.
• lolz: occasionally used in place of LOL.
• lulz: Often used to denote humor at another person's expense. Can be used as a noun — e.g. "for the lulz" ("for laughs"/"for the hell of it"). According to a recent New York Times article about Internet trolling, “lulz” means the joy of disrupting another’s emotional equilibrium.
• lqtms: Because often when behind a computer screen, one will find something funny, but not actually laugh out loud, lqtms or simply lqtm can be used, which stands for "laughing quietly to myself."
• mdr: French version of the expression LOL, from the initials of "mort de rire" that roughly translated means "dying of laughter".
• חחחחח: Hebrew version of 'LOL'. The letter ח is pronounced 'kh', and it is common to put a group of them together (the longer the group, the greater the amusement) to transcribe 'khkhkhkhkh' (a sound of chuckling). The word 'LOL' is sometimes transliterated, but its usage is not very common.
• 555: The Thai variation of LOL. "5" in Thai is pronounced "ha", three of them being "hahaha".
• asg: Swedish abbreviation of the term Asgarv, meaning intensive laughter.
• g: Danish abbreviation of the word "griner", which means "laughing" in Danish.
• kek: Cross-faction rendering of lol in the MMORPG World of Warcraft. Though most words are not translated directly across factions, lol is always faithfully rendered as "kek". When a member of the Horde says the word lol, nearby members of the Alliance see the word as "kek". Kek is derived from the Korean ㅋㅋㅋ, or kekeke, which is used to express laughter.
• bur: Another cross-faction rendering of lol in World of Warcraft seen by members of the Horde.
• rs: in Brazil "rs" (being an abbreviation of "risos", the plural of "laugh") is often used in text based communications in situations where in English lol would be used, repeating it ("rsrsrsrsrs") is often done to express longer laughter or laughing harder.
• In Latin, CMV is a rough translation of LOL (cachinnans magna voca, or "laughing in a loud voice")
• mkm: in Afghanistan "mkm" (being an abbreviation of the phrase "ma khanda mikonom"). This is a Dari phrase that means "I am laughing".
• In Chinese, although 大笑 (da xiao; "big laugh") is used, a more widespread usage is "哈哈哈" (ha ha ha) on internet forums.

Other languages

Lol is a native Dutch word (not an acronym) which, coincidentally, means "fun" ("lollig" means "funny").

In Welsh, lol means nonsense - e.g., if a person wanted to say "utter nonsense" in Welsh, they would say "rwtsh lol".

See also

• Leet
• Lolcat

References

1. ^ Matt Haig (2001). E-Mail Essentials: How to Make the Most of E-Communications. Kogan Page. p. 89. ISBN 0749435763.
2. ^ Louis R. Franzini (2002). Kids Who Laugh: How to Develop Your Child's Sense of Humor. Square One Publishers, Inc. pp. 145–146. ISBN 0757000088.
3. ^ Michael Egan. Email Etiquette. Cool Publications Ltd. pp. 32, 57–58. ISBN 1844811182.
4. ^ Jiuan Heng (2003). "The emergence of pure consciousness: The Theatre of Virtual Selves in the age of the Internet". In Peter D. Hershock, M. T. Stepaniants, and Roger T. Ames (ed.). Technology and Cultural Values: On the Edge of the Third Millennium. University of Hawaii Press. p. 561. ISBN 0824826477.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
5. Eric S. Raymond and Guy L. Steele (1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary. MIT Press. p. 435. ISBN 0262680920.
6. Robin Williams and Steve Cummings (1993). Jargon: An Informal Dictionary of Computer Terms. University of Michigan. p. 475. ISBN 0938151843. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
7. ^ Tim Shortis (2001). The Language of ICT. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 0415222753. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
8. Lawrence J. Magid (2001). The Little PC Book: Windows Xp. Peachpit Press. p. 287. ISBN 0201754703.
9. American Heritage Abbreviations Dictionary 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 2005. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
10. Steven G. Jones (1998). Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Community and Technology. Sage Publications Inc. p. 52. ISBN 0761914625.
11. Silvio Laccetti and Scott Molsk (September 6, 2003). "Cost of poor writing no laughing matter". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
12. "Article co-authored by Stevens professor and student garners nationwide attention from business, academia" (Press release). Stevens Institute of Technology. October 22, 2003.
13. Shirley H. Fondiller and Barbara J. Nerone (2007). Health Professionals Style Manual. Springer Publishing Company. p. 98. ISBN 0826102077.
14. Frank Yunker and Stephen Barry. "Threaded Podcasting: The Evolution of On-Line Learning". In Dan Remenyi (ed.). Proceedings of the International Conference on e-Learning, Université du Québec à Montréal, 22-23 June 2006. Academic Conferences Limited. p. 516. ISBN 1905305222. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
15. Hossein Bidgoli (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia. John Wiley and Sons. p. 277. ISBN 0471222011.
16. David Crystal (September 20, 2001). Language and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-521-80212-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
17. Victoria Clarke (January 30, 2002). "Internet English: an analysis of the variety of language used on Telnet talkers" (PDF).
18. June Hines Moore (2007). Manners Made Easy for Teens. B&H Publishing Group. p. 54. ISBN 0805444599. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
19. Sheryl Lindsell-Roberts. Strategic Business Letters and E-Mail. Houghton Mifflin. p. 289. ISBN 0618448330.
20. Neda Ulaby (February 18, 2006). "OMG: IM Slang Is Invading Everyday English". Digital Culture. National Public Radio.
21. ^ Kristen Philipkoski (February 22, 2005). "The Web Not the Death of Language". Wired News.
22. Geoffrey K. Pullum (January 23, 2005). "English in Deep Trouble?". Language Log. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
23. Naomi Baron (February 18, 200r). "Instant Messaging by American College Students: A Case Study in Computer-Mediated Communication" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science.
24. "Welsh-English Lexicon". Cardiff School of Computer Science. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

Further reading

• Connery, Brian A. (February 25, 1997). "IMHO: Authority and egalitarian rhetoric in the virtual coffeehouse". In Porter, D. (ed.). Internet Culture. New York: Routledge. pp. 161–179. ISBN 0415916844.
• Russ Armadillo Coffman (January 17, 1990). "smilies collection". Newsgroup: rec.humor. Retrieved 2006-12-22.—an early Usenet posting of a folk dictionary of abbreviations and emoticons, listing LOL and ROTFL
• Ryan Goudelocke (August 2004). "Credibility and Authority on Internet Message Boards" (PDF). Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

• Slang
• Internet slang
• Internet memes