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Revision as of 19:57, 28 November 2005 by 81.161.159.212 (talk)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey, divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. Tao and Klarjeti were originally only the names of the two most important provinces of the Georgian lands that streched form the “Georgian Throat” (Turk. Gürcü Boğazı) in the south to the Lesser Caucasus in the north. Historically, the area comprised the the following provinces: West of the Arsiani Mountains (Turk. Yalnızçam Dağları) were Tao, Klarjeti and Shavsheti, to the east lay Samtskhe, Erusheti, Javakheti, Artaani and Kola. The landscape of Tao-Klarjeti is characterised by mountains and the river-systems of the Chorokhi (Turk. Çoruh) and the Mtkvari (Turk. Kura) which have led to the formation of deep valleys and gorges. Tao-Klarjeti’s geographical position between the great Empires of the East and the West, and the fact that one branch of the Silk Route once ran through its territory, meant that it was subject to a constant stream of diverging influences. In the 9th-11th centuries, Tao-Klarjeti was ruled by the Iberian Bagratids and the region played a crucial role in the unification of the Georgian lands into a single feudal state in 1008. Alongside with the magnificent nature, the medieval architectural monuments of Tao-Klarjeti (churches, monasteries, bridges and castles) function as major tourist attractions today, but many monuments are endangered, since nothing is done for their preservation. There have also been cases of deliberate destruction (for instance in Opiza and Tbeti).
History
Early history
The history of the region goes back to 3000 BC, i.e. the Bronze Age. In the 1st millennium BC, the area, inhabited by various proto-Georgian tribes, was controlled by the kingdoms of Diaokhi and Colchis. Pharnavaz I, the first ruler of the ancient Georgian state of Iberia (Kartli) included these lands into his kingdom in ca 302 BC. Contested between Iberia and Armenia throughout the following centuries, the region was invaded and completely destroyed by the Arabs in the 7th century.
Tao-Klarjetian monarchy
The new era began in Tao-Klarjeti in 813, when the Georgian prince (erismtavari) Ashot I of the Bagrationi family made Klarjeti a base in his struggle against the Arab occupation. Recognizing the Byzantine suzerainty, he received a title of kouropalates and established the Principality of the Georgians known to the Byzantines as the Kouropalatate of Iberia. Ashot fought the Arabs from there, gradually liberating the surrounding lands of Tao, Kola, Artaani and Shavsheti, along with a few other lesser lands, from the Arab dominance. He encouraged resettlement of Georgians in these lands, and patronized monastic life initiated by the prominent Georgian ecclesiastic figure Grigol Khandzteli (Gregory of Khandzta; 759-861) in the deserted Klarjeti. For a long time the region became a cultural safe-house and one of the most important religious centers of Georgia.
Ashot’s successors continued fighting for the Kartlian lands, contested also by the Abkhazian dynasty of western Georgia (Egrisi), Arab emirs of Tbilisi and even by the Kakhetian (kingdom in eastern Georgia) and Armenian rulers. However, internal feuds, not infrequent in the principality, were important obstacle. A civil war following the assassination of David I (876-881) brought to the victory of Adarnase I (881-923) over his major rival, Nasra, David’s murderer, allowing him to be crowned as King of the Georgians in 888. During the reign of Adarnase’s son David II (923-937) the Georgians had also to defend against the Byzantine aggression, a problem they seem to have successfully managed. However, the Bagrationi dynasty failed to maintain the integrity of their kingdom which was actually divided between the two branches of the family with the main branch retaining Tao and the title of King of the Georgians, and another controlling Klarjeti and nominally recognizing the sovereignty of the king. The Kingdom of the Georgians included also several other minor princedoms more or less dependent to the Tao crown. Then there was a period of interregnum (945-961) when the kouropalates of Tao ruled without having an official title of King.
In 961, Bagrat II the Simple (961-994) was crowned King of the Georgians and inherited Northern Tao (also known as Amier-Tao), while David III (961-1001) received a title of kouropalates and got Southern Tao (also known as Imier-Tao) in possession. A just ruler and a friend of the church, David allied with the Byzantine Emperor Basil II to defeat the rebel Byzantine noble Bardas Scleros (976–979) and was rewarded with extensive lands that made him the most powerful ruler in Caucasus. Crowned now as the king, his state included several Georgian and Armenian provinces up to the Lake Van. With the strong intention to unite all Georgian lands, he adopted Prince Bagrat of Tao (the future king Bagrat III), a grandchild of Bagrat the Simple, also being an Abkhazian heir apparent. David installed him as a residing prince in Kartli (975) and as king of Abkhazia (978), and helped Bagrat’s natural father Gurgen to be crowned as King of Kings of the Georgians on the death of Bagrat the Simple (994) thus making Bagrat a ruler of the two and a heir apparent of another two Georgian states. The only setback was the 987-989 unsuccessful conflict with the Byzantine Empire that forced David to agree to cede his dominion to Emperor Basil II on his death. Despite this reverse, Bagrat was able to become the first ruler of the unified Georgian kingdom (officially called the Kingdom of the Georgians and Abkhazians) on his father’s death in 1008.
Later history
The area continued to remain a Georgian territory and was administered by the princes of Samtskhe-Saatabago province until conquered by the Ottomans in 1551. During their rule, a policy of forcible Islamicization was implemented and many of the Christian churches were destroyed or converted to mosques. Following the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, Artvin province comprising most of the former Tao-Klarjetian territory was ceded to the Russian Empire, but was taken back by the Turks in the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with the Soviet Russia, 1918. The Ottoman defeat in the World War I allowed the newly created Democratic Republic of Georgia to regain control of the region. However, the nation’s independence soon collapsed under the Russian Red Army attack in February 1921 and simultaneously the area was reoccupied by Turkey, a fact that was acknowledged by the Moscow Treaty signed between the Turkish and Soviet governments on 16 March 1921.
Architecture
Several monuments of the medieval Georgian architecture – abandoned or converted churches, and fortresses, are scattered across the area. The chief of these are the Khakhuli Monastery (Haho), the churches of Oshki (Osk Vank), Ishkhani (Ishan), Bana, Parkhali (Barhal), Dolisq’ana (Dolishane), Otkhta Eklesia (Dort Kilise), Opiza, and Tbeti.
Rulers
- Bagrat I, Kouropalates of Iberia, Kouropalates (826-876), co-rulers: Guaram the Mampali and Adarnase
- Adarnase I, Kouropalates (881, 888), King of the Georgians (888-923)
- Bagrat I Magistros, King (937-945)
- Bagrat II the Simple (Bagrat Regveni), King (961-994) with
- David III the Great, Kouropalates (961-1001), King of Tao (979-1001) with
- Bagrat III, Eristavi of Kartli (since 975), King of Abkhazia (since 976), Kouropalates of Iberia (1001), King of Kings of Georgians and Abkhazians (1008-1014)