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A ninja or shinobi (忍者, ninja, shinobi) was a covert agent or mercenary of feudal Japan employed in a variety of unorthodox arts of war. These arts included espionage, sabotage, illusion and assassination. The underhanded tactics of the Ninja were contrasted with samurai, who were careful not to tarnish their honorable reputation.
Ninjas figure prominently in folklore and legend, and as a result it is often difficult to separate historical fact from myth.
Etymology
Ninja is the on'yomi reading of the two kanji "忍者". In the native kun'yomi reading, it is read shinobi, a shortened form of the longer transcription shinobi-no-mono (忍の者). The term shinobi has been traced as far back as the late 8th century to a poem to Ōtomo no Yakamochi. The underlying connotation of shinobi (忍) means "to steal away" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. Mono (者, pronounced sha or ja) means "a person".
Historically, however, the word ninja was not in common use, and a variety of regional colloquialisms evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninjas. Some examples include suppa (素っ破 "thief"), rappa (乱破 "ruffian"), mitsumono, kusa (草 grass) and Iga-mono ("one from Iga"). Later, the term oniwaban (お庭番 "garden keeper or gardener") would come to use, describing personal bodyguards for important officials.
The word ninja became more prevalent than shinobi in the post-World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers.
In English, the plural of ninja can be either unchanged as ninja, reflecting the Japanese language's lack of grammatical number, or the regular English plural ninjas.
History
Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian Stephen Turnbull asserts that the ninja were mostly recruited from the lower class, and therefore little literary interest was taken in them. Instead, war epics such as the Hogen Monogatari and the Heike Monogatari focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, whose deeds were apparently more appealing to the audience.
Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence:
"So-called ninjutsu techniques, in short are the skills of shinobi-no-jutsu and shinobijutsu, which have the aims of ensuring that one's opponent does not know of one's existence, and for which there was special training."
Origins
The origins of the ninja is unmistakably based on the spies and assassins that have existed throughout Japanese history. The first recorded use of espionage was under the employment of Prince Shōtoku in the 6th century. Such tactics were seen as unsavory even in early times, when the boy spy Koharumaru was killed for spying against the insurgent Taira no Masakado in the 10th century.
However, it was not until the 15th century that spies were specially trained for their purpose, and not until the 17th century that the word shinobi appeared to define and clearly identify ninjas as a secretive group of agents.
At this time, the conflicts between the clans of daimyo that controlled small regions of land had established guerrilla warfare and assassination as a valuable alternative to frontal assault. Since the nature of assassinations conflicted with one or more of the seven virtues of Bushidō, the samurai code, a daimyo could not expect his troops to perform the tasks required; thus, he had to buy or broker the assistance of ninja to perform selective strikes, espionage, assassination, and infiltration of enemy strongholds.
There are a few people and groups of people regarded as having been potential ninja from approximately the same period. They are typically considered assassins. However, in his book Mystic Arts of the Ninja Stephen K. Hayes depicts them in armor similar to a samurai. Hayes also says those who ended up recording the history of the ninja were typically those in positions of power in the military dictatorships. According to Hayes and Masaaki Hatsumi
"Ninjutsu did not come into being as a specific well defined art in the first place, and many centuries passed before ninjutsu was established as an independent system of knowledge in its own right. Ninjutsu developed as a highly illegal counter culture to the ruling samurai elite, and for this reason alone, the origins of the art were shrouded by centuries of mystery, concealment, and deliberate confusion of history."
A similar account is given by Hayes: "The predecessors of Japan's ninja were so-called rebels favoring Buddhism who fled into the mountains near Kyoto as early as the 7th century A.D. to escape religious persecution and death at the hands of imperial forces."
Historical organization
In their history, ninja groups were small and structured around families and villages, later developing a more martial hierarchy that was able to mesh more closely with samurai and the daimyo. These certain ninjutsu trained groups were set in these villages for protection against raiders and robbers.
Ninja museums in Japan declare women to have been ninja as well. A female ninja may be called kunoichi (くノ一); the characters are derived from the strokes that make up the kanji for female (女). They were sometimes depicted as spies who learned the secrets of an enemy by seduction; though it's just as likely they were employed as household servants, putting them in a position to overhear potentially valuable information.
As a martial organization, it has been assumed that ninja would have had many rules, and keeping secret the ninja's clan and the daimyo who gave them their orders would have been one of the most important ones. For modern hierarchy in ninjutsu, see the article about ninjutsu.
Specialized weapons and tactics
The assassination, espionage, and infiltration tasks of the ninja led to the development of specialized technology in concealable weapons and infiltration tools.
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Ninja also employed a variety of weapons and tricks using gunpowder. Smoke bombs and firecrackers were widely used to aid an escape or create a diversion for an attack. They used timed fuses to delay explosions. Ōzutsu (cannons) they constructed could be used to launch fiery sparks as well as projectiles at a target. Small "bombs" called metsubushi (目潰し, "eye-closers") were filled with sand and sometimes metal dust. This sand would be carried in bamboo segments or in hollowed eggs and thrown at someone, the shell would crack, and the assailant would be blinded. Even land mines were constructed to use a mechanical fuse or a lit, oil-soaked string. Secrets of making desirable mixes of gunpowder were strictly guarded in many ninja clans.
Other forms of trickery were said to be used for escaping and combat. Ashiaro are wooden pads attached to the ninja's tabi (thick socks with a separate "toe" for bigger toe; used with sandals). The ashiaro would be carved to look like an animal's paw, or a child's foot, allowing the ninja to leave tracks that most likely would not be noticed.
A small ring worn on a ninja's finger called a shobo would be used for hand-to-hand combat. The shobo would have a small notch of wood used to hit assailant's pressure points for sharp pain, sometimes causing temporary paralysis. A suntetsu is very similar to a shobo. It could be a small oval shaped piece of wood affixed to the finger by a small strap. The suntetsu would be held against a finger on the palm-side and when the hand was thrust at an opponent using the longer piece of wood to target pressure points such as the solar plexus.
Some believe ninja used special short swords called Ninjatō, or shinobigatana. Ninjatō are smaller than katana but larger than wakizashi. The Ninjatō was often more of a utilitarian tool than a weapon, not having the complex heat treatment of a usual weapon, and a straight blade. It should be noted there have been no actual Ninjato found, and their existence is purely speculative. In all probability, ninja used the standard swords of the time. Another version of the ninja sword was the shikoro ken (saw sword). The shikoro ken was said to be used to gain entry into buildings, and could also have a double use by cutting (or slashing in this case) opponents.
The shuriken is a weapon that was barely ever used for throwing. It would be stuck into a wall or the ground to be used as a distraction, similar to Caltrops. Shuriken were often used coated with poison so when in direct combat with another the ninja could throw the shuriken and have a more substantial effect than the minor physical injury (with potentially severe effects depending on the strength of the poison). Shuriken does not actually refer to a singular weapon, in actuality the word refers to the general group of a ninja's throwing weapons i.e.; shaken and kunai and various sharpened conical or spike-shaped pieces of metal.
Many ninja disguised themselves as farmers so their weapons (the kama, for example) could double as both weapons and farming implements.
Many ninja also viewed their hands as weapons to be used in combat. To be able to attack their enemies with enough force to damage them, ninja would often wrap cloth, leather, or wear metal gloves around their hands to avoid breaking their knuckles and immobilizing them.
Clothing and image
The stereotypical ninja who wears easily identifiable black outfits (shinobi shozoku) comes from the kabuki theater. Prop handlers dress in black to move props around the stage. The audience sees the prop handlers but pretend they are invisible. Building on suspension of disbelief, ninja characters came to be portrayed in the theatre as wearing similar all-black suits. This made the audience unable to tell a ninja character from the prop handlers until the ninja character distinguished himself from the other stagehands with a scripted attack or assassination.
Modern organizations
Main article: Schools of NinjutsuThere are several organizations currently purporting to teach ninjutsu, or to provide neo-ninja training. Claims of authenticity are disputed, with some sources stating that none of the modern schools have koryū origins.
In popular culture
Ninja appear in both Japanese and Western fiction of many formats, including books, television, movies, video games, and Internet media. Depictions range from realistic to the fantastically exaggerated, both fundamentally and aesthetically, and often portray ninja in non-factual ways for humor or entertainment. Some examples of ninja in works of fiction are Ask a Ninja, Ninja Warrior ,Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and Naruto
Self-styled modern groups
Among others:
- Death squad-type armed groups active under Indonesian rule in East Timor, which terrorized populations supporting independence and were allegedly controlled by the Indonesian military, in some cases called themselves "Ninja". The name seems to have been borrowed from the movies rather than being directly influenced by the Japanese model. The "ninja" gangs were also active elsewhere in Indonesia.
- The Angolan special police forces are a specialized paramilitary police force officially referred to as the Emergency Police, but popularly known as “Ninjas”.
- Rebels in the Pool Region of the Republic of the Congo also called themselves "Ninja".
- Red Berets, a Serb paramilitary group of Dragan Vasiljković based in Knin, Croatia, called themselves "Kninjas".
References
- ^ Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 325
- Turnbull 2003, p. 5-6
- Takagi, Man'yōshū poem #3940; page 191
- Satake, Man'yōshū poem #3940; page 108
- ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 6
- Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.; American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed.; Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
- ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 5
- Turnbull 2007, p. 144.
- Friday 2007, p. 58-60 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFriday2007 (help)
- The Historical Ninja (PDF); last accessed May 28, 2008
- Ninjutsu: The Art of Invisibility (Google Books); last accessed May 28, 2008
- Illuminated Lantern: Ninja
- Skoss, Diane (ed.) (1999). "Ninjutsu: is it koryu bujutsu?". Koryu.com. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Green Left - 'Ninja' terror in East Timor
- BBC News | Asia-Pacific | Indonesia's 'ninja' war
- "Democracy Fact File: Angola" (PDF). sardc.net. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
- Reuters AlertNet - Congo's Ninja rebels burn weapons and pledge peace
- Captain Dragan set for extradition | The Australian
References
- Takagi, Ichinosuke (1962). Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-060007-9.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Satake, Akihiro (2003). Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-240004-2.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Hatsumi, Masaaki (1981). Ninjutsu: History and Tradition. Unique Publications. ISBN 0-86568-027-2.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1991), Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0804816847
- Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Ninja AD 1460-1650. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-525-2.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Turnbull, Stephen (2007), Warriors of Medieval Japan, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846032202
- Draeger, Donn F (1971). Ninjutsu: The Art of Invisibility. Unique Publications. ISBN 0-86568-027-2.
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