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Socionics (Template:Lang-lt, Template:Lang-ru) is a theory of information processing and personality type, distinguished by its informational model of the psyche (called Model A) and corresponding model of interpersonal relations. It incorporates elements of Carl Jung's work on Psychological Types and Antoni Kępiński's theory of information metabolism. Socionics is a modification of Jung's personality type theory that uses all eight function-types, in contrast to Jung's model, which used only four. These functions process information at varying levels of competency and act as personalities in their own right. A function can recognize its likeness in another person and can make judgments about the likeness' competence or incompetence. The capacity of functions to "size up" each other gives rise to a theory of predictable reactions and impressions, called intertype relations.

Socionics was developed in the 1970s and '80s mainly by the Lithuanian researcher Aušra Augustinavičiūtė, a financier and teacher of political economics. The name socionics is derived from the word "society", since Augustinavičiūtė believed that each personality type has a distinct purpose in society, which can be described and explained by socionics.

The central idea of socionics is that information is intuitively divisible into eight different categories, called information elements, which a person's psyche processes using eight psychological functions. Each sociotype has a different correspondence between functions and information elements, which results in different ways of perceiving, processing, and producing information. This in turn results in distinct thinking patterns, values, and responses to arguments, all of which are encompassed within socionic type. Socionics' theory of intertype relations is based on the interaction of these functions between types.

Jung's psychological types

Carl Jung describes four psychological functions that are capable of becoming conscious, but to differing degrees in specific individuals:

• Sensation - all perceptions by means of the sense organs
• Intuition - perception by way of the unconscious, or perception of unconscious events
• Thinking (in socionics, logic) - interpretation of information based on whether it is correct or incorrect
• Feeling (in socionics, ethics) - interpretation of information based on its ethical aspects

Each of these functions can be in extraverted or introverted form. If the dominant function in psychological type is extraverted - the type is extraverted; if the dominant function is introverted - the type is introverted.

Sensation and intuition are called irrational or perceiving functions, and are thus named because unlike the rational or judging functions (i.e., thinking and feeling), they deal with raw perception of reality rather than the interpretation of it. If the dominant function is rational - the type is rational, if the dominant function is irrational - the type is irrational.

Beside the dominant function, there is the auxiliary function. If dominant function is extraverted, auxiliary is introverted; and vice versa, if dominant function is introverted, auxiliary is extraverted. If dominant function is rational, auxiliary is irrational; and vice versa, if dominant function is irrational, auxiliary is rational. For example, if dominant function is extraverted intuition, then auxiliary function can be introverted thinking or introverted feeling (there are 2 types with dominant extraverted intuition).

Jung's model of psychological type has all 4 functions (but with no account taken of their extraverted/introverted forms). Jung believed that dominant function is the most conscious, followed by auxiliary (2nd) function, tertiary (3rd) function, and inferior (4th) function. Jung's tertiary function has the same parameters extraverted/introverted and rational/irrational as at auxiliary function, and it is another function in pair of rational or irrational functions (for example, if auxiliary function is introverted thinking, then tertiary function is introverted feeling). Inferior function has the same parameter rational/irrational as at dominant function, and other extraverted/introverted parameter, and it is another function in pair of rational or irrational functions (for example, if dominant function is extraverted intuition, then inferior function is introverted sensation).

For example, Jung's model for 2 types: extraverted intuitive-thinking (ILE) and introverted feeling-sensory (ESI)

By Jung's rules 16 psychological types exist. But in his book "Psychological Types" he described in detail only 8 types, distinguished by the eight possible dominant functions.

Information elements

In socionics, Jung's functions are always introverted or extroverted, and are referred to as functions of information metabolism. These functions are said to process information aspects. To understand what an information aspect is, it is necessary to understand information metabolism as Augustinavičiūtė understood it.

Our world is populated by entities of various kinds, each of which have defining characteristics and properties. The brain processes incoming data in its quest for understanding of the world: it identifies relationships between these datum and thus, categorizes them as a recognizable phenomena for easy reference. As an example, consider the case of a child who sees an apple for the first time. If they have been previously taught that the color qualia we associate with "red" is red, then will they will notice that the color of the apple is red. They have recalled the color red upon being confronted with red colors. Now imagine that the child has not yet been instructed on the color red. They simply see a different color than they have seen before. They have two options: to infer the existence of a new color, or to dismiss its lack of recognizable color by saying there is no color. Barring these, the child could also choose to assert that it is of a previously recognized color, perhaps the color nearest in hue to what they now see. Whatever the child's determination, the apple's color qualia will be remembered as a unique concept in its own right, and will be referred to whenever that specific qualia is again encountered. In essence, a "copy" of the color data has been set aside for future reference, to be recalled when faced with familiar data. These "reference copies" are what we refer to when we speak of "information", and the process of creating the copy is what Augustinavičiūtė called "information metabolism".

Augustinavičiūtė held that there were eight functions of information metabolism, each of which processed a specific kind of information. Which function is chosen to process which aspect depends on what characteristics of an entity are being observed. Socionists have identified six categories of entity characteristics:

• characteristics that are internal to the entity and private to it
• characteristics that appear only in relation to other entities (termed "external")
• characteristics that are considered "in flux" and prone to change in the course of their consideration (called "dynamics")
• characteristics that are considered unchanging for the duration of their consideration ("statics")
• characteristics that are apparent when the entity is considered as a field (meaning "a relationship between objects")
• characteristics that are apparent when the entity is considered as an object

The categories are arranged into three mutually exclusive pairs (dichotomies). You cannot, for example, observe both an entities' internal and external characteristics at once, only in alternation. The exclusivity rule yields eight permutations in total. Although the categorization is conducted outside of our awareness, a given aspect can be successfully corresponded with its element through a technique of intuitive abstraction. This abstraction, called "aspect analysis", weighs the characteristics of the aspect considered between each of the three pairs, using the intuitive meaning of the characteristics as a vise by which to identify which element the aspect is "most like". The technique allows that a person's speech be scrutinized for usage of specific aspects, and the frequency of their use of elements quantitatively gauged. This method, called "semantic analysis", has resulted in some of the most significant and persuasive discoveries in socionics.

Of all the aspects of socionics study, "aspectonics", as the study of information elements is called, may be the most difficult to grasp. Although Augusta argues that every information aspect belongs to one of the eight elements, she does not submit that there cannot be further categorizations in the context of the eight.

To impress upon her students that what was being spoken of were strictly intuitive abstractions, Augustinavičiūtė introduced geometric symbols for each information element.

These symbols are still in use today, although other notations have been proposed. In common usage, Viktor Gulenko's system , which uses Latin symbols, is favored in Russia and other non-English speaking countries, while the two letter MBTI convention is favored in English-speaking forums.

Element	Abstracted definition	English Acronym	Symbol	Description
Extraverted logic (thinking)	external dynamics of objects	Te		Te is efficiency of an action, technical processes, the accomplishment of work, the efficient and prudent use of resources, factual accuracy, and the acquisition of relevant and useful information. Te understands the difference between effective and ineffective behavior when performing a procedure or accomplishing a task, and aspires to increase the frequency of productive outcomes within a system.
Introverted logic (thinking)	external statics of fields	Ti		Ti is responsible for understanding logic and structure, categorizations, ordering and priorities, logical analysis and distinctions, logical explanations, and the derivation of true statements from "self-evident" rules (axioms). Ti interprets information according to how it fits into a system. Ti is particularly aware of syntactic correctness and how concepts relate to each other in meaning and structure.
Extraverted ethics (feeling)	internal dynamics of objects	Fe		Fe is responsible for the perception of an emotional state in an individual and the bodily and linguistic expression of emotions. Fe is able to influence others' emotional condition and to communicate its own, "infecting" others. Fe is used especially in generating and recognizing excitement and enthusiasm.
Introverted ethics (feeling)	internal statics of fields	Fi		Fi is responsible for understanding the quality, nature, and proper maintenance of personal relations; makes moral judgments; and aspires to humanism and kindness. Fi has a strong understanding of the social hierarchy and how people feel about each other, their attitudes of like or dislike, enthrallment or disgust, repulsion or attraction, enmity or friendship.
Extraverted sensing	external statics of objects	Se		Se is responsible for the perception, control, defense, and acquisition of space, territory, and control. It observes outward appearances, estimates whether forces are in alignment or conflict, and uses strength of will and power-based methods to achieve purposes. Se understands territory and physical aggression. It is also the function of contact and apprehension of qualia.
Introverted sensing	external dynamics of fields	Si		Si is responsible for perception of physical sensations; questions of comfort, coziness, and pleasure; and a sense of harmony and acclimation with one's environment (especially physical). Si understand how well a person or thing's behavior agrees with its nature as well as the differences between comfortable behaviors and positions and uncomfortable ones.
Extraverted intuition	internal statics of objects	Ne		Ne is responsible for understanding the essence (permanent traits) of a thing, estimating opportunities and possibilities for people and things, and visualizing potential outcomes of events. It is responsible for the sense of interest or boredom. Ne will speculate as to why an event occurs, but sees the specific event as static and unalterable.
Introverted intuition	internal dynamics of fields	Ni		Ni is responsible for the estimation of the passage of time, the understanding of a course of processes in time, and forecasting. Ni understand how things change and evolve over time and throughout history. Ni is acutely aware of events that are occurring outside of the immediate perception of the moment, and sees events as part of a continuous flow. Ni perceives the inevitability of future events and notices ties to the past. Ni observes behavioral patterns and can assess a person's character.

Alexander Boukalov argues that the information elements are only the latest development in a far older theory of intuitive abstractions. (see tattvas)

The 16 types

Socionics divides people between 16 different types, called sociotypes. They are most commonly referred to by their two strongest functions, which in socionics are called the leading function (Jung's dominant) and the creative function (Jung's auxiliary). The creative function is opposite to the leading function in extraversion and rationality. For example, if the dominant function is introverted logic (a rational and introverted function), the secondary function must be irrational and extraverted, which means it must be either extraverted sensing or extraverted intuition.

Augustinavičiūtė usually used names like sensory-logical introvert (SLI) to refer to the types. In SLI the leading function is introverted sensing and the creative function is extraverted logic. She also introduced the practice of referring to types by the name of a famous person of the type (although types of these persons are not universally agreed upon, especially about "Napoleon"). For example, she called the SLI Gabin and the SEI Dumas. Also sometimes names such as Craftsman or Mediator are used to express the social role of the type. MBTI abbreviations are also in frequent use, given the formal similarities present in the two typologies. Some prefer to distinguish socionic type names from Myers-Briggs' names by writing the last letter (J or P) in lower case (for example, ENTp, ESFj). This because the relationship between socionics and Meyers-Briggs/Keirseyan types is controversial and most socionists deny any strict relationship between the two , so the difference in terminology helps to differentiate the two.

The following tables provide a list of types with the names most commonly used in socionics:

First two functions	Formal name	Four-letter name	MBTI name	Social role	Type alias
	Intuitive Logical Extrovert (ILE)	ENTp	ENTP	Seeker / Inventor	Don Quixote
	Sensory Ethical Introvert (SEI)	ISFp	ISFJ or ISFP	Mediator / Peacemaker	Dumas
	Ethical Sensory Extrovert (ESE)	ESFj	ESFJ	Bonvivant / Enthusiast	Hugo
	Logical Intuitive Introvert (LII)	INTj	INTP or INTJ	Analyst / Mastermind	Robespierre (or Descartes)
	Ethical Intuitive Extrovert (EIE)	ENFj	ENFJ	Mentor / Actor	Hamlet
	Logical Sensory Introvert (LSI)	ISTj	ISTP or ISTJ	Inspector / Pragmatist	Maxim Gorky
	Sensory Logical Extrovert (SLE)	ESTp	ESTP	Legionnaire / Conqueror	Zhukov
	Intuitive Ethical Introvert (IEI)	INFp	INFJ or INFP	Lyricist / Romantic	Yesenin
	Sensory Ethical Extrovert (SEE)	ESFp	ESFP	Politician / Ambassador	Napoleon (or Caesar)
	Intuitive Logical Introvert (ILI)	INTp	INTJ or INTP	Critic / Observer	Balzac
	Logical Intuitive Extrovert (LIE)	ENTj	ENTJ	Enterpriser / Pioneer	Jack London
	Ethical Sensory Introvert (ESI)	ISFj	ISFP or ISFJ	Guardian / Conservator	Dreiser
	Logical Sensory Extrovert (LSE)	ESTj	ESTJ	Administrator / Director	Stirlitz (or Sherlock Holmes)
	Ethical Intuitive Introvert (EII)	INFj	INFP or INFJ	Humanist / Empath	Dostoyevsky
	Intuitive Ethical Extrovert (IEE)	ENFp	ENFP	Psychologist / Reporter	Huxley
	Sensory Logical Introvert (SLI)	ISTp	ISTJ or ISTP	Craftsman / Artisan	Gabin

Model A

Aušra Augustinavičiūtė developed a model of personality called Model A, which includes eight functional positions. Every human has every function, and can perceive and process any available information aspect by them; however, depending on where the metabolizing function for an aspect is located in a type's functional ordering, the actual quality of the produced information and the means of its use may vary. The following diagram is an example of the positions of the functions in Model A (numbers of functions are in Viktor Gulenko's notation). The numbering of the functions is semi-arbitrary, and is intended to represent on the one hand the smooth flow of information from function 1 to 4 (the mental track), and the mirroring of that flow by the other four. (the so-called "vital" track) For example, the ILE type has the following version of Model A:

(Ne) (Ti) (Fi) (Se) (Fe) (Si) (Ni) (Te)

1 2 4 3 6 5 7 8

Nature of functional positions

• Function 1 - leading, program, primary, base, or dominant function. This is the strongest conscious function, and the most utilized function of the psyche. A person's outlook and role in life is largely determined by the nature of this function. One is generally very confident in the use of this function, and may defend it when challenged.
• Function 2 - creative or secondary function, is second in influence only to the dominant function. It assists the dominant function in achieving its essence. One is generally less confident with the use of this function than with his dominant function. As a result, the creative function is sometimes less instrumental when a person is challenged or threatened, or when dealing with new and complex tasks and data.
• Function 3 - role function, is a weak but conscious function. One generally tries to be at least adequate in areas where use of the role function is necessary. However, generally one has very little control or confidence over the role function, and criticism is painfully acknowledged with respect to it. Tactful assistance is required from one's suggestive function to overcome the problems associated with the role function.
• Function 4 - the vulnerable function, or place of least resistance, is a weak and conscious function, in addition to being the weakest function of the psyche. One painfully perceives his complete inability to use this function, and reacts negatively to its imposition upon him. Tactful assistance is required from one's mobilizing function to overcome the problems associated with this function.
• Function 5 - suggestive function, is a weak and unconscious function which is largely lacked. One requires assistance from somebody confident in this function in order to overcome the difficulties it presents. When left to ones own devices, the suggestive function goes unnoticed.
• Function 6 - mobilizing function. This is a weak and unconscious function which one often understands poorly. Nonetheless, this function has a strong influence over one's actions. Individuals requires assistance from someone who uses it confidently in order to understand it. Often an individuals is only aware that they are totally unaware of how to use this function.
• Function 7 - observant or ignoring function, the function of personal knowledge. This is a strong but unconscious function. One generally has a good grasp of this function, but attempts to limit its use considerably. Individuals will disregard this function when an argument calls for restraint or when it will be difficult to indulge in its essence.
• Function 8 - demonstrative function. This function is so deeply rooted into the psyche that one is usually not consciously aware of its existence or utilization.'

Note that Model A provides the justification for the type names. The socionic name is leading-creative-extra/introversion. For example the ILE is intuitive leading with a logical creative function and is extroverted. The ESI has leading ethics with secondary sensing and is introverted.

Blocks of the psyche

According to Augustinavičiūtė, the functions are paired in four blocks: the ego block, the super-ego block, the id block, and the super-id block. The ego block contains the leading (1) and creative (2) functions, the super-ego block contains the role (3) and vulnerable (4) functions, the super-id block contains the suggestive (5) and activation (6) functions, while the id block contains the observant (7) and demonstrative (8) functions.

The functions within the ego and super-ego blocks are said to be conscious (or "mental") functions, while those within the id and super-id blocks are said to be unconscious (or "vital"). The functions residing within the ego and id blocks are strong functions which are used naturally and well, while the functions of the super-ego and super-id blocks are weak functions and are used with stress and difficulty.

The 16 types in Model A

Template:Socionics table

Intertype relations

Socionics postulates that the way information is communicated between different types results in different interaction styles, called intertype relations. Each intertype relation has its bad and good qualities, though duality is generally considered to be the most psychologically comfortable as a long-term relationship. In total there are 16 relationship roles for each type (14 when not counting the split roles in the supervision and benefit relationship).

Du - Duality; Ac - Activation; Sd - Semi-duality; Mg - Mirage; Mr - Mirror; Id - Identity; Cp - Cooperation; Cg - Congenerity; QI - Quasi-Identity; Ex - Extinguishment; Se - Super-ego; Cf - Conflict; Rq+ - Requester; Rq- - Request recipient; Sv+ - Supervisor; Sv- - Supervisee

Remark: all relations beside Request and Supervision are symmetric. Request and Supervision relations are asymmetric and have 2 roles: Request - Requester and Request recipient, Supervision - Supervisor and Supervisee. Each cell in the table shows who the type in the left column is to the type in the top row.

Duality

Duality is a fundamental concept in Socionics. Dual relations are characterized by mutual benefit and support, and are generally viewed as optimal for friendship, intimacy, and marriage (though sociotype is not the only factor influencing this). The eight dual pairs are as follows:

ILE		—		SEI
ESE		—		LII
EIE		—		LSI
SLE		—		IEI
SEE		—		ILI
LIE		—		ESI
LSE		—		EII
IEE		—		SLI

In dual relations, the leading function of one partner is the suggestive function of the other, and the creative function of one partner is the mobilizing function of the other. Thus, the ego functions (the strongest and most socialized) of each correspond to the super-id functions of the other (the area where the person needs and expects assistance). Likewise, the super-ego block of one corresponds to the id of the other. In this relation, just 1 of 4 Jungian dichotomies is shared – rationality/irrationality. Duality interaction is generally rewarding and satisfying for both parties, providing inspiration and support. Duality is a central theme of the philosophy of socionics study: Augusta often stated her position that a person who is estranged from contact with a dual partner must cope by unnaturally distorting their personality, a phenomenon called "type masking". Relationships with conflictor types are cited as particularly troublesome: it is not uncommon for a person in a close relationship with their conflictor to develop an acute neurotic condition.

The duality system is demonstrated in the following diagram, which details function relationships between two duals, an ILE and an SEI:

Activation

Activation relations occur between two members of the same quadra who share either introversion or extraversion. This relations can resemble duality since the super-id functions are both present in the ego functions of the other partner. However, this relations are somewhat less fulfilling than dual relations. Each partner's dominant function is the others activation function. Activation relations are better suited to friendly correspondence.

Activation relationships are often romantic if both partners find each other attractive. These relationships are often very easy to start, as both partners share either extraversion or introversion. Introvert activation relationships appear reserved, while extravert activation relationships appear hectic.

Semi-duality

Relations of semi-duality are similar to relations of duality. Semi-duality occurs between partners who share each other's dual-seeking (5th) functions but lack each other's activation functions. As a result, both partners often perceive elements of duality from the relationship but feel the other partner is misplacing the correct emphasis; as semi-duals will be able to help their partners with their dual seeking functions but both have the least confidence in the same area of the psyche (thinking, feeling, sensing, or intuition).

Relationships of semi-duality can become very close for moderate periods of time until correspondence is broken indefinitely. These relationship are often begin, or rekindle because of mutual interests or friends held in common.

Mirage

Mirage relations occur between partners whose creative functions are the other partners' activation functions, but whose dual seeking functions are part of the id block of the other partner.

Relationships of mirage often become quite close and are easy to begin because both individuals are able to communicate effectively with one another because partners share a preference for thinking, feeling, sensing, or intuiting.

Mirror

Mirror relations occur between types who share the same ego functions, yet place different emphases on them; the dominant function of one partner is the creative function of the other. Mirror relations are characterized by similar actions and motivations between partners, and mutual understanding. Interactions usually result in a drawn out dialogue, as each partner seems to keep opening up avenues of thought which the other needs to now clarify verbally.

An important source of dissension between mirror types is the opposing between EJ and IP, or between EP and IJ. EJs find the passive, unstable IP behavior to be a severe hindrance in getting things done, while IPs find the restless and proactive actions of EJ types paranoid and stifling. Similarly, EP types find IJ types to be somewhat dull and boring, while IJ types see EP types as wildly unpredictable and impetuous.

Identity

Relations of Identity describe relations between two individuals of the same type. Often, both partners will perceive similar situations and problems, and will take similar actions. Partners usually understand the motivations behind the other's actions. A relationship between identity partners is characterized by mutual understanding, self-development, and learning. Each is interested in the other's ideas, and sees their value.

Cooperation

Cooperation relations occur between partners who have the same creative function but differing dominant functions. As a result, partners may often perform similar activities or have similar fields of interest, but often do not understand each other's internal motivations. Partners will often approach their related fields with vastly different agendas and will generate conflict when working as a team. This relations become formal and business like as to avoid open debate and conflict.

Congenerity

Congenerity relations occur between types who share the same dominant function but possess different creative functions. Partners often see each other as interesting people and are often able to see each other's motivations, but tailor their actions towards areas where the other partner is unskilled or uninterested, as the creative function for one partner is the place of least resistance of the other.

Congenerity relationships are often similar to mirror relationships where ideas are communicated through drawn out dialog. These relationships are easy to begin because both partners share a similar type of intelligence, and are able to communicate it easily to one another.

Quasi-Identity

Relations of Quasi-Identity are characterized by mutual misunderstanding. One partner's ego functions are the other partner's demonstrative and observant functions. As quasi-identicals have opposite functions, they will often have similar interests (id block and ego blocks contain the same functions) and become involved in similar activities, but they rarely understand each other's motivations or ideas.

Interestingly, Quasi-Identity partners often identify themselves as being very different from the partner. Outside observers often have trouble seeing the differences that the individual sees between himself and the partner.

Extinguishment

Extinguishment relations occur between types confident in the same area of the psyche but who place different emphases on each function. This relations often consist of similar lifestyles but differing thought processes. Partners will have similar interests and areas of expertise, and have little trouble communicating with one another.

Still, misunderstanding and conflict arise when partners come to vastly different conclusions about specific ideas or events.

Super-ego

Super-ego relations occur between types whose ego functions are the other partners' super-ego functions. Super-ego relations are generally characterized by differing values, discomfort, and mutual misunderstanding.

Partners in a super-ego relationship are often fascinated or terrified by their partners lack of similarity to themselves. Super-ego partners are constantly aware of their total opposition in values to the partner. Outside observers are often similarly aware.

Conflict

Relations of Conflict are, unsurprisingly, characterized by constantly escalating conflict. Conflictors are the types with the most dissimilar values, and they rarely understand anything regarding each other's motivations or lifestyles. Conflictors may take for granted truths that their partners will dismiss as absurd. Sometimes they understand each other so little that the conflict is not well understood, but prevails under the surface, discomfiting both partners to no end. Conflictors also are of opposite temperaments, a fact which both partners often find irritating. Conflictors usually are rather interesting for each other, but and rather tiresome also.

Request

Relations of request are asymmetrical relations; one type requests another. The request recipient's dual seeking function is the requester's creative function, and as a result the request recipient often takes an interest in the requester. However, the requester's dual seeking function is the request recipient's place of least resistance, and the requester finds the request recipient a highly uninteresting person. Relations of request frequently end with the departure of the requester.

Supervision

Relations of supervision are asymmetrical; one type supervises another. Relations of supervision are characterized by the supervisor's attempt to introduce his base function into the supervisee's life. The supervisor often perceives the supervisee as an interesting person and understands the supervisee's lifestyle, since the supervisor's creative function is the supervisee's base function. Nonetheless, the supervisee is often on the defensive since the supervisor's base function is the supervisee's point of least resistance (the function most vulnerable to criticism). The supervisee often perceives the supervisor to be the evil incarnate, while the bewildered supervisor wonders why the supervisee reacts so poorly to his objective and benevolent assistance.

Groups of types

Clubs

Clubs are groups that reflect spheres of activity.citation needed There are 4 clubs, each with 4 types:

• Researchers (NT): ENTp, INTj, INTp, ENTj.
• Pragmatists (ST): ISTj, ESTp, ESTj, ISTp.
• Socials (SF): ISFp, ESFj, ESFp, ISFj.
• Humanitarians (NF): ENFj, INFp, INFj, ENFp.

Quadras

A quadra is a group of four types in which only identity, dual, activity, and mirror relations occur. Quadras are distinguished by offering the greatest degree of psychological comfort among all groups containing four types. The feeling of comfort and harmony produced by the quadra is due to the fact that all types in the quadra seek to give expression to the shared set of information elements in their ego and super-id blocks and to de-emphasize the information elements in their super-ego and id blocks.

Temperaments

There is Viktor Gulenko's hypothesis of four temperaments in socionics.

Extraverted Rational Temperament (EJ). Extraverted rational types, namely the ESE, EIE, LIE, and LSE, are characterized by energetic and proactive behavior. (close to choleric temperament)

Introverted Rational Temperament (IJ). Introverted rational types, namely the LII, LSI, ESI, and EII, are characterized by slow and methodical behavior. (close to phlegmatic temperament)

Extraverted Irrational Temperament (EP). Extraverted irrational types, namely the ILE, SLE, SEE, and IEE, are characterized by impulsive and unpredictable behavior. (close to sanguine temperament)

Introverted Irrational Temperament (IP). Introverted irrational types, namely the SEI, IEI, ILI, and SLI, are characterized by lack of motivation, inertia, and unstable moods and energy levels. (close to melancholic temperament)

Beside Gulenko's, there are several other theories of correlation between temperaments and socionic types, although almost all socionic authors support Eysenck's view that temperaments do correlate with the E/I factor.

Other models

In addition to Model A, two other models are in wide use by socionists. Model B, created by Aleksandr Boukalov, is designed to reconcile the socionics standpoint with the so-called "Model J" (Jung's outlook) and uses sixteen functional components instead of eight. The model uses the same eight functions as Model A, but further differentiates them by attributing positive and negative polarities to each. Model B also refines Model A's strong/weak concept by attributing vectors of dimensionality to each function. This allows it to describe with precision why some functions are relied on more than others.

The four dimensions are

• globality (also thought of as "time")
• situation
• cultural normatives
• experience

Experience is the lowest dimension; globality is the highest. The importance of the dimension system lies in its clarification of the differences between strong and weak functions. Although any type may learn information specific to any function with adequate study, only the strong functions have the vectors of situation which are required to create new knowledge. The types are thus reliant on each other in their search for understanding.

Model T

In recent years, socionists have sought to identify cognitive correlates for functions. Recent advances in cognitive psychology have facilitated understanding of information processing at the cognitive level. Introversion has been correlated to high brain-blood levels; extroversion to lower levels. Viktor Talanov has proposed to identify the processing centers of the four Jungian functions—logic, ethics, intuition, and sensing—as a first step towards demonstrating the existence of the function types. (called simply "functions" in socionics).

Methods of type identification

Socionists often use several methods when determining a personality type.

• Analysis of behavior, interview (including special questionnaires), biography
• Tests
• Analysis of nonverbal behavior (mimic, gestures, plastique, etc.)

Nonverbal behavior (also called image method) is a particularly popular method popularized by Aušra Augustinavičiūtė, but rarely used as basic method, more as auxiliary. It is based on analysis of impressions from nonverbal behavior and associating them with features of types. Often the image method is used to create an initial hypothesis about a person's type, which is tested against more reliable methods.

Several socionists have linked type traits to regular facial expressions and constancies of gaze. .

Cultural influence

Socionics originated in Vilnius and has developed extensively in the former Soviet Union in the past 30 years. In the Russian-speaking world (primarily Russia and Ukraine, but also the Baltic States, Central Asia, and Russian communities abroad) socionics has grown significantly in popularity, and is now a topic of discussion among large numbers of amateurs, as well as a group of a few hundred professionals. Clubs for socializing, theoretical discussion, exchange of experience, and other activity exist in many large cities across the former USSR. A couple of journals exist, as well as a number of organizations which periodically hold conferences in Kiev, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other cities.

The Institute for Socionics - International Institute of Socionics (IIS) - was founded in 1991 and presides in Kiev, Ukraine. Among others is the institute involved with the continued development of socionics theory and since 1994 has released a bi-monthly journal (six issues a year). Topics in the journal usually range anywhere from simple applications of the primary mathematics of socionics theory to esoteric developments (new age materials, chakras, esoteric cosmology, psychic energy, sacred mathmatics, hermeticism). The director and founder of the institute is Dr. Alexander Bukalov.

In the West

In the western hemisphere the socionics community is mainly limited to the internet due to its novelty, relative obscurity, and competition with the Myers-Briggs typology. It was first introduced in English in the mid-1990s when Russian socionist Sergei Ganin created socionics.com. In 2006, Rick DeLong published hand translations of several original works by Augusta which explained her philosophy. Ganin and DeLong have emerged as the foremost teachers of socionics in the Western Hemisphere. Dmitri Lytov, owner of socioniko.net, is a practicing socionist who has had extensive contact with the English-speaking community. The English-speaking socionics community has resided primarily in internet forums. Socionics is barely known among psychologists outside of the former USSR, and no significant research on socionics has been published in peer reviewed, English-language scientific journals. Access to Russian-language materials can be difficult to obtain.

Basis

Augustinavičiūtė in her work "The Dual Nature of Man" stated that "I feel it my duty to warn that we have not thought up anything ourselves, but have just extended and elaborated on the provisions of C.G. Jung, though in the process some of them have changed beyond recognition. This happened as a result of studying the specific ways of thinking of individual people." Further she also stated that "Socionics — the science of the socion, the socionic nature of man and the socionic structure of society, different types of people's information metabolism (IM), and different forms of relationships between them — was born on the foundation of the typologies of C.G. Jung, E. Kretschmer, A.E. Lichko, and A. Kempinsky's theory of information metabolism.". Socionics theory therefore bases its understanding of psychic energy upon the theories of Kepimsky, and not Carl Jung's understanding of psychic energy, despite semblances between Socionics theory and Jungian typology.

Inspiration

Reuben McNew, a theologian, argues that the development of socionics has been inspired by esoteric technique. He points to similarities between Hermetic elements and the information elements as evidence for a link between the two. Rick DeLong has expressed disagreement with this view, arguing that there is no direct evidence that Augustinavičiūtė's thinking was influenced by hermeticism. Although there is no evidence that Augustinavičiūtė herself was influenced by esoterism, other socionists have admitted to being influenced by esoteric philosophies, nor is it uncommon for practicioners of analytic psychology to be so influenced.

See also

• Carl Jung
• Analytical Psychology
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
• Keirsey Temperament Sorter
• Jungian Type Index
• Jung Type Indicator
• Interpersonal compatibility
• Philosophical realism

References

1. Аугустинавичюте А. (1996). Социон, или Основы соционики. Юнга и введение в информационный метаболизм, 4-5. (In Russian. Title can be translated as Augustinavichiute A. (1996). The Socion, or Socionics Basics. Socionics, Mentology, and Personality Psychology, 4-5).
2. "SOCIONICS: Personality Types and Relationships". Retrieved 2008-05-09.
3. "spock.com". Retrieved 2008-05-09.
4. Седых Р. (1994). Информационный психоанализ. Соционика как метапсихология. НПП Менатеп-Траст. ISBN 5-900449-02-5. (In Russian. Title can be translated as: Sedikh R. Informational psychoanalysis. Socionics as a metapsychology) Text is available online.
5. Jung, C.G., Psychological Types (The Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol.6), 1976 (1921), ISBN 0-691-01813-8 The chapter X, General description of types contains descriptions of basic psychological functions and 8 major psychological types.
6. Carroll, R. T.,The Skeptic's Dictionary: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
7. Аугустинавичюте А. (1995). Комментарий к типологии Юнга и введение в информационный метаболизм. Юнга и введение в информационный метаболизм. (In Russian. Title can be translated as Augustinavichiute A. (1995) A Commentary on Jung's Typology and an Introduction to the Information Metabolism. Socionics, Mentology, and Personality Psychology, 2.
8. ^ Аугустинавичюте А. Дуальная природа человека (1978). (In Russian. Title can be translated as: Augustinavichiute A. The Dual Nature of Man (1978)).
9. http://www.socionics.us/intro.shtml
10. http://www.socioniko.net/en/articles/lytovs-intro3.html
11. Filatova E. Искусство понимать себя и окружающих. (In Russian, The Art of Understanding Oneself and Others.)
12. The names here refer to standard usage as per the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
13. Аугустинавичюте Аушра Теория функций. Функционика. (In Russian) The title can be translated as Function theory. Functionics.
14. Гуленко В. (2003). Менеджмент слаженной команды. Соционика для руководителей. Астрель. (In Russian. Title can be translated as: Gulenko V. Management of well co-ordinated team. Socionics for managers.) Text is available online
15. Boukalov, A.V. (2004). 16-component model of TIM and Socionics. Socionics, Mentology, and Personality Psychology, 3.
16. Boukalov, A.V. (1995). On the dimensions of the functions of information metabolism. Socionics, Mentology, and Personality Psychology, 2.
17. Stukas, V.A. (2008). Bases of socionics. Course of lectures. Management and Personnel: Psychology of Management, Socionics, and Sociology, 12.
18. http://www.socionics.com/advan/vi/vi.htm
19. http://www.socionics.us/practice/visual_identification.shtml
20. Augustinavichiute A. (1996). The Socion, or Socionics Basics. Translated by: De Long, R. “Notes on “The Socion, or Socionics Basics”. Retrieved August 20, 2009, http://www.socionics.us/works/socion.shtml

External links

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Information resources

• http://www.socioniko.net/en/ (Multilingual Socionic Site)
• http://www.wikisocion.org/en/
• http://www.socionics.us (contains notes on Augustinaviciute's books)
• http://www.socionics.com
• http://www.socionika.com (contains numerous articles from many authors)
• http://www.socionics.ibc.com.ua (International Institute of Socionics by Alexander Boukalov)
• http://www.definitive-socionics.info/

Socionic forums, blogs, communities

• http://www.the16types.info/vbulletin/
• http://socionics.ws/forums/
• http://forum.socionix.com
• http://www.socionics.com/forums/
• http://www.metasocion.com/forums/ (currently defunct)
• http://socionist.blogspot.com
• http://www.socionics.us/philosophy/community.shtml

Dating sites

• http://www.typemeet.com (Socionics, Enneagram)
• http://www.sociolove.com
• http://www.socionicsdating.com

Tests

• http://www.socioniko.net/en/1.1.types/test.html#oldtest (short test by Dmitri Lytov and Marianna Lytova)
• http://www.socionics.us/tests.shtml (by Rick DeLong)
• http://www.socionics.com/sta/sta-1-r.html (by Sergei Ganin)

Types of famous people

• http://www.socioniko.net/en/celebr/index.html - Dmitri Lytov, Marianna Lytova
• http://socionics.us/celebrities.shtml - Rick DeLong
• http://socionics.com/advan/famous.htm - Sergei Ganin

• Misplaced Pages external links cleanup from August 2009
• Esotericism
• Jungian psychology
• Personality typologies
• Socionics