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The Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic ar-Radhaniyya, Heb. sing. Radhani רדהני, pl. Radhanim רדהנים) were medieval Jewish merchants. Whether the term, which is used by only a limited number of primary sources, refers to a specific guild or is a generic term for Jewish merchants in the trans-Eurasian trade network is unclear. Jewish merchants dominated trade between the Christian and Muslim worlds during the early Middle Ages (approx. 600-1000 CE). Trade routes established under the Roman Empire stayed open during that period largely through their efforts. Their trade network covered much of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and parts of India and China.

Etymology

Several etymologies have been suggested for the word "Radhanite". Many scholars, including de Meynard and Moshe Gil, believe it refers to a district in Mesopotamia. Others maintain that their center was the city of Rayy (Rhages) in northern Persia. Cecil Roth, and Claude Cahen, among others make the same claim about the Rhône River valley in France, which is Rhodanus in Latin. The latter claim that the center of Radhanite activity was likely in France as all of their trade routes began there. Still others maintain that the name derives from the Persian terms raH (Persian for 'way/path') and daan "one who knows", meaning "one who knows the way". English-language (or Western) sources added the suffix -ite to the term, as is done with ethnonyms or names derived from placenames.

Activities

Abu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh, the Director of Posts and Police (spymaster/postman) for the province of Jibal under the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutammid (r.869-885 CE), wrote al-Qitab al Masalik w’al Mamalik ("The Book of Roads and Kingdoms"), probably around 870.

Ibn Khordadbeh described the Radhanites as sophisticated and multilingual. He outlined four main trade routes utilized by the Radhanites in their journeys. All four began in the Rhône Valley of France and terminated in China.

The commodities carried by the Radhanites were primarily those which combined small bulk and high demand, including spices, perfumes, jewelry, and silk. They are also described as transporting oils, incense, steel weapons, furs, and slaves.

The text of Ibn Khordadbeh's account

Map of Eurasia showing the trade network of the Radhanites, c. 870 CE, as reported in the account of ibn Khordadbeh in the Book of Roads and Kingdoms.


These merchants speak Arabic, Persian Roman, the Frank, Spanish, and Slav languages. They journey from West to East, from East to West, partly on land, partly by sea. They transport from the West eunuchs, female slaves, boys, brocade, castor, marten and other furs, and swords. They take ship from Firanja (France), on the Western Sea, and make for Farama (Pelusium). There they load their goods on camel-back and go by land to al-Kolzum (Suez), a distance of 25 farsakhs (parasangs). They embark in the East Sea and sail from al-Kolzum to al-Jar (port of Medina) and al-Jeddah, then they go to Sind, India, and China. On their return from China they carry back musk, aloes, camphor, cinnamon, and other products of the Eastern countries to al-Kolzum and bring them back to Farama, where they again embark on the Western Sea. Some make sail for Constantinople to sell their goods to the Romans; others go to the palace of the King of the Franks to place their goods. Sometimes these Jew merchants, when embarking for the land of the Franks, on the Western Sea, make for Antioch (at the head of the Orontes River); thence by land to al-Jabia (al-Hanaya on the bank of the Euphrates), where they arrive after three days' march. There they embark on the Euphrates and reach Baghdad, whcne they sail down the Tigris, to al-Obolla. From al-Obolla they sail for Oman, Sind, Hind, and China... These different journeys can also be made by land. The merchants that start from Spain or France go to Sus al-Aksa (in Morocco) and then to Tangier, whence they walk to Kairouan and the capital of Egypt. Thence they go to ar-Ramla, visit Damascus, al-Kufa, Baghdad, and al-Basra, cross Ahwaz, Fars, Kirman, Sind, Hind, and arrive in China. Sometimes, also, they take the route behind Rome and, passing through the country of the Slavs, arrive at Khamlidj, the capital of the Khazars. They embark on the Jorjan Sea, arrive at Balkhj, betake themselves from their accross the Oxus, and continue their jouney toward Yurt, Toghuzghuz, and from their to China.

Historical significance

A caravan of dromedaries in Algeria. Much of the Radhanites' overland trade between Tangier and Mesopotamia would have been transported by camelback.

During the Early Middle Ages the Islamic polities of the Middle East and North Africa and the Christian kingdoms of Europe often banned each others' merchants from entering their ports. Corsairs of both sides raided the shipping of their adversaries at will. The Radhanites functioned as neutral go-betweens, keeping open the lines of communication and trade between the lands of the old Roman Empire and the Far East. As a result of the revenue they brought, Jewish merchants enjoyed significant privileges under the early Carolingians in France and throughout the Muslim world, a fact that greatly vexed the local Church authorities.

While most trade between Europe and East Asia had historically been conducted via Persian and Central Asian intermediaries, the Radhanites were among the first to establish a trade network which stretched from Western Europe to Eastern Asia. More remarkable still, they engaged in this trade regularly and over an extended period of time, centuries before Marco Polo and ibn Batuta brought their tales of travel in the Orient to the Christians and the Muslims, respectively. Indeed, ibn Batuta is believed to have travelled with the Muslim traders who travelled to the Orient on similar routes used by the Radhanites.

While traditionally many historians believed that the art of Chinese paper-making had been transmitted to Europe via Arab merchants who got the secret from prisoners-of-war taken at Talas, some believe that Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites were instrumental in bringing paper-making west. Joseph of Spain, possibly a Radhanite, is credited by some sources with introducing the so-called Hindu-Arabic numerals from India to Europe. Historically, Jewish communities used letters of credit to transport large quantities of money without the risk of theft from at least classical times. This system was developed and put into force on unprecedented scale by medieval Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites; if so, they may be counted among the precursors to the banks that arose during the late Middle Ages and early modern era.

Some scholars believe that the Radhanites may have played a role in the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism. In addition, they may have helped establish Jewish communities at various points along their trade routes, and were probably involved in the early Jewish settlement of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, China and India.

Besides ibn Khordadbeh, the Radhanites are mentioned by name only by a handful of sources. Ibn al-Faqih's early tenth century Kitab al-Buldan ("Book of the Countries") mentions them, but much of ibn al-Faqih's information was derived from ibn Khordadbeh's work. Sefer ha-Dinim, a Hebrew account of the travels of Yehuda ben Meir of Mainz, named Przemysl and Kiev as trading sites along the Radhanite route. In the early twelfth century, a French-Jewish trader from Doreville named Yitzhak Dorbelo wrote that he travelled with Radhanite merchants to Poland.

The end of the Radhanite age

The fall of the Tang dynasty of China in 908 and the destruction of the Khazar Khaganate some sixty years later led to widespread chaos in Inner Eurasia, the Caucasus and China. Trade routes became unstable and unsafe, a situation exacerbated by Turkic invasions of Persia and the Middle East, and the Silk Road largely collapsed for centuries. Moreover, the fragmentation of the Islamic world (and to a lesser extent, Christendom) into small states provided more opportunities for non-Jews to enter the market. This period saw the rise of the mercantile Italian city-states, especially Genoa, Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi, who viewed the Radhanites as unwanted competitors.

The economy of Europe was profoundly affected by the disappearance of the Radhanites. For example, documentary evidence indicates that many spices in regular use during the early Middle Ages completely disappeared from European tables in the 900s. Jews had previously, in large parts of Western Europe, enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the spice trade. For the Jews, it marked the end of the golden age of trade and the beginning of a long period of systematic persecution and victimization.

See also

Notes

  1. Gil 299-328.
  2. Enc. of World Trade, "Radhanites" 763-4
  3. Bareket 558-560.
  4. Gil 299-310.
  5. Though some, such as Moshe Gil, maintain that "Firanja" as used in this context refers to the Frankish-occupied areas of Italy, and not to France proper. Gil 299-310.
  6. Adler 2-3; for alternative translations see, e.g., De Goeje 114; Rabinowitz 9-10; Among the minor differences between the accounts is Rabinowitz's rendering of "Khamlif" in place of "Khamlidj" and his reference to the "Yourts of the Toghozghuz" as opposed to Yurt and Toghuzghuz as separate entities. See also Dunlop 138, 209, 230.
  7. Bendiner 99-104.
  8. See, e.g., Enc. of World Trade, "China".
  9. e.g., Enc. of World Trade, "Radanites" 764.
  10. Adler x.; Weissenbron 74-78; see also Encyclopedia of World Trade - From Ancient Times to the Present , "Radanites" 764.
  11. Antiquities 18.6.3
  12. Rabinowitz 91.
  13. e.g., Enc. of World Trade, "Radanites" 764; see also Pritsak 265.
  14. Brook 103; Schipper 116.
  15. Rabinowitz 150-212.

Sources

  • Adler, Elkan. Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages. New York: Dover Publications, 1987.
  • Bendiner, Elmer. The Rise and Fall of Paradise. New York: Putnam Books, 1983.
  • Bereket, Elinoar. "Rādhānites". Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Norman Roth, ed. Routledge, 2002. pp 558-561.
  • Brook, Kevin. The Jews of Khazaria. 1st ed. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc., 1999.
  • De Goeje, Michael. Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum. Leiden, 1889. Volume VI.
  • Dunlop, Douglas. The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
  • Fossier, Robert, ed. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages, vol. 1: 350-950. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.
  • "China." Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present, vol. 1, ed. Cynthia Clark Northrup, p. 29. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005.
  • Gil, Moshe. "The Radhanite Merchants and the Land of Radhan." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17:3 (1976). 299-328.
  • Gregory of Tours. De Gloria Martyrorum.
  • Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews.
  • Rabinowitz, Louis. Jewish Merchant Adventurers: A Study of the Radanites. London: Edward Goldston, 1948.
  • "Radanites." Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present, vol. 3, ed. Cynthia Clark Northrup, p. 763-764. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005.
  • Pritsak, Omeljan. "The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to Judaism." Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3:2 (Sept. 1978).
  • Schipper, Itzhak. "Dzieje Gospodarcze Żydów Korony i Litwy w Czasach Przedrozbirowych." Żydzi w Polsce Odrodzonej, ed. A. Hafftka et al. Warsaw, 1936.
  • Weissenbron, Zur. Gesch. der Jetzigen Ziffern, 1892.
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