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This list of new religious movements (NRMs), lists groups that either identify themselves as religious, ethical or spiritual organizations, or are generally seen as such by religious scholars, which are independent of older denominations, churches, or religious bodies. Although there is no one criterion or set of criteria for describing a group as a "new religious movement", use of the term usually requires that the group be both of recent origin and different from existing religions.
Debate surrounds the phrase "of recent origin". Some authors use World War II as the dividing line, whereas others define as "new" everything after the advent of the Bahá'í Faith (mid-19th century) or even everything after Sikhism (17th century).
Influenced by major religions
Buddhism-oriented
Main article: Schools of Buddhism- Aum Shinrikyo (now known as Aleph)
- Diamond Way
- Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
- Falun Gong
- New Kadampa Tradition
- Share International
- True Buddha School
- Vipassana movement
- Soka Gakkai International
Christianity-oriented
Main article: List of Christian denominations- Branhamism
- Body of Christ
- The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), known as the "garbage eaters"
- Children of God
- Christian Conventions, also known as Two-by-Twos or Friends and Workers
- Church of the Last Testament
- El Shaddai (movement)
- Emerging Church Movement
- Endeavor Academy
- Foundation for A Course In Miracles
- Grail Movement
- Holy Spirit Movement
- Jesus Movement
- Legio Maria
- Love Family
- Lumpa Church
- Makuya
- Mama Tata
- Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
- Peoples Temple
- Rastafari Movement
- The Living Word Fellowship
- Toronto Blessing
- The Process Church of The Final Judgment
- Understanding Principles for Better Living Church
- União do Vegetal
- Unification Church
- Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus)
- Universal Life
Hinduism-oriented
Main articles: Hindu revivalism and List of Hindu organisations- Advance Party
- Ananda Marga
- Art of Living
- Brahma Kumaris
- Divine Light Mission
- Eckankar
- Sahaja Yoga
- Sathya Sai Baba movement
- Sant Mat
- Savitri Era
- School of Economic Science
- Swadhyaya
- Swaminarayan Faith
Islam-oriented / Quranic
Main article: Muslim sects See also: Quranic religionsJudaism-oriented
Main article: Jewish denominationsSikhism-oriented
Main article: Sikhism See also: Category:Sikh groups and sectsTaoism-oriented
Main article: Taoism- Cheondoism
- Jeung San Do
- Falun Gong
- Way of Former Heaven sects, including
Pagan-oriented
Main articles: Neopaganism and List of Neopagan movementsAlso see the section on Neopagan religions (below).
Syncretistic
Main article: SyncretismFaiths created from blending earlier religions or that consider all or some religions to be essentially the same, often founded by Mahdi/Maitreya/Messiah claimants who profess to fulfill multiple prophecies simultaneously.
- Arès Pilgrim Movement
- Bwiti
- Cao Dai
- Church Universal and Triumphant
- Huna
- I-Kuan Tao
- Konkokyo
- Miracle of Love
- Modekngei
- Osho/Rajneeshism
- Santo Daime
- Seicho-No-Ie
- Tenrikyo
- Unitarian Universalism
- Universal Life Church
- Vale do Amanhecer
Regional
NRMs with ties to local "indigenous" traditions or geographically limited influence.
Africa
NRMs based in Africa or drawing on traditional African religions.
Afro-American
Main article: Afro-American religionsAfro-Caribbean
Central Asia
Central and South America
China
India
- Meher Baba followers
Indonesia
Japan
Main article: ShinshukyoKorea
Oceania
Philippines
Taiwan
United States
- Amica Temple of Radiance
- Apocalypticism
- Ausar Auset Society
- Brahma Kumaris
- Buddhist Nation
- Children of God
- Church of Scientology
- Creativity Movement
- Elan Vital (formerly Divine Light Mission),
- Heaven's Gate
- Landmark Education (formerly Erhard Seminars Training)
- Manson Family
- Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness
- Native American Church
- Nation of Gods and Earths
- Moorish Science Temple
- Nation of Islam
- neo-Pantheism
- Naturalistic Pantheism
- Nuwaubianism
- Process Church of the Final Judgement
- Religious Naturalism
- Spiritual Naturalism
- The Template Network
Vietnam
Neopaganism
Pagan religions in the category of Neopaganism.
Main article: List of Neopagan movements- Polytheistic reconstructionism
- Hellenic Neopaganism
- Germanic neopaganism
- Finnish Neopaganism
- Slavic Neopaganism
- Celtic Neopaganism
- Neo-druidism
- Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism
- Kemetism
- Dievturība
- Romuva (church)
- Huna (New Thought)
- Judeo-Paganism
- Thelema
- Church of All Worlds
- Contemporary witchcraft
- Wicca
- Stregheria
- 1734 Tradition
- Feri Tradition
- New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn
- Neoshamanism
- Technopaganism
Esotericism, New Age, Occultism, Spiritism
Main articles: Esotericism, New Age, Occultism, and Spiritism- Church Universal and Triumphant
- Eckankar
- Energo-Chromo-Kinese
- Kenja Communication
- Order of the Solar Temple
- Ramtha's School of Enlightenment
- Theistic Satanism
- LaVeyan Satanism
- Silva Mind Control
- Summum
- Church of Synanon
- Union Espiritista Cristiana de Filipinas, Inc.
- Universal White Brotherhood
- Universal Faithists of Kosmon
- Vale do Amanhecer
UFO religions
Main article: UFO religion- Aetherius Society
- Avatar
- Chen Tao
- Heaven's Gate
- Raelism
- Universe people
- Unarius Academy of Science
- Scientology
Entheogenic
See also: Category:Religious organizations using entheogens- Bwiti
- Cantheism
- Church of Cognizance
- Church of the Universe
- Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church
- Green Earth Ministries
- League for Spiritual Discovery
- Native American Church
- Rastafari Movement
- Sacrament of Transition
- Santo Daime
- THC Ministry
- União do Vegetal
Technology-oriented
Further information: TranshumanismEthnic supremacist
See also
Notes
- The definitions of "new" vary greatly. Some authors such as Eileen Barker and David V. Barrett, see as new movements those originating or appearing in a new context after World War II, others define as "new" movements originating after the Bahá'í Faith or even everything originating after Sikhism. For this article, the following is used: "The historical bench-mark normally taken to divide new religions from old is the Second World War or shortly after. Thus Peter Clarke identifies his focus as 'those new religions that have emerged in Britain since 1945'. (Clarke, 1987, p 5.) - http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/chryssides.html Retrieved 18 September 2008
- ^ Power Faith and Religion, NPR April 12, 2005 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1895496
- Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, Greenwood Press …, October 2006, p. 86, ISBN 978-0275987138
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(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Cook, Ryan J, Research: NRMs & Govt., retrieved 30 April 2006
- http://www.uua.org/aboutus/glossaryacronyms/8945_21.shtml
- ^ Beckford, p. 156.
- ^ Bhugra, p. 126.
- Aldridge, p. 46.
- York, p. 293.
- A Guide to New Religious Movements, By: Ronald Enroth, Publisher: InterVarsity Press (June 30, 2005), Language: English, ISBN-10: 0830823816, ISBN-13: 978-0830823819
- Partridge, pp. 188, 263–265.
- Lewis, p. 42.
- Reece, pp. 182-186.
- Goodrick-Clarke, p. 17.
- Atkins, p. 217.
References
- Aldridge, Alan E. (2000). Religion in the Contemporary World: A Sociological Introduction. Polity Press. ISBN 0745620833.
- Atkins, Stephen E. (2002). Encyclopedia of Modern American Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313315027.
- Beckford, James A. (2003). Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521774314.
- Bhugra, Dinesh (1997). Psychiatry and Religion: Context, Consensus and Controversies. Routledge. ISBN 0415165121.
- Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (1993). The Occult Roots of Nazism. NYU Press. ISBN 0814730604.
- Lewis, James R. (2003). The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of UFO Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573929646.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2003). UFO Religions. Routledge. ISBN 0415263247.
- Reece, Gregory L. (2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1845114515.
- York, Michael (1995). The Emerging Network. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0847680010.
Further reading
- Barrett, D. V. The New Believers - A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions 2001 UK, Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35592-5
- Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia
- Chistopher Partridge, New Religions: A Guide, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-522042-0
- Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction