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List of Jewish Nobel laureates

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Award
The Nobel Prize
A golden, round object with a picture of a bearded man etched into it. Next to the man there is text reading: "ALFRED NOBEL".
DescriptionOutstanding contributions in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Physiology or Medicine.

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, identified with the Nobel Prize, is awarded for outstanding contributions in Economics.
CountrySweden, (Norway)
Presented bySwedish Academy
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Karolinska Institutet
Norwegian Nobel Committee
First awarded1901
Websitehttp://nobelprize.org

This is a list of Nobel Laureates of Jewish descent. Since 1901, Nobel Prizes have been awarded to 802 individuals, of whom at least 162 (20%) were scientists, doctors, writers, economists, poets, etc. of Jewish ethnicity, from 23 countries.The above figure slightly varies depending on the eternal question Who is a Jew?.

Some laureates are Holocaust survivors. Elie Wiesel is the author of 57 books, the best known of which is Night, a work based on his experiences as a prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps..

The oldest ever Nobel Laureate was Leonid Hurwicz. He received the prize in Economic Sciences for 2007, when he was 90 years old.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). A Polish Jew his family and he experienced persecution by both the Bolsheviks and Nazis.

Ever since establishing of Nobel Prize only four Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the honor. Three of them were Germans, who were prohibited from accepting the prize by Adolf Hitler in 1938 and in 1939. The fourth one was Boris Pasternak. He was born into a wealthy Russian-Jewish family.Pasternak was named the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958. On 25 October, two days after hearing that he had won, Pasternak sent the following telegram to the Swedish Academy:

Immensely thankful, touched, proud, astonished, abashed.

However, four days later came another telegram:

Considering the meaning this award has been given in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Please do not take offense at my voluntary rejection.

The Swedish Academy announced:

This refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award. There remains only for the Academy, however, to announce with regret that the presentation of the Prize cannot take place.

Pasternak had declined under intense pressure from Soviet authorities.

The Nobel Prize is an annual, international award originating in Sweden. The award was established in 1895 by the Swedish chemist and inventor of dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel. It was first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was instituted by Sweden's central bank in 1968 and first awarded in 1969. Although the Nobel Prize in Economics is not technically a Nobel Prize, its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients and it is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. The Nobel Prizes in the specific disciplines (physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature) and the Prize in Economics are widely regarded as the most prestigious award one can receive in those fields.

A recipient of the Nobel Prize (called a laureate) earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation and a sum of money. The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. In 2009, the amount was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million) per prize. If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters.

Laureates in Literature

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1910 Paul von Heyse Germany "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
1927 Henri Bergson France "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"
1958 File:Boris Pasternak cropped.jpg Boris Pasternak Soviet Union "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon Israel "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
Nelly Sachs Germany "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
1976 File:Saul Bellow, 1990.jpg Saul Bellow United States "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer United States "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"
1987 Joseph Brodsky United States "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"
2002 Imre Kertész Hungary "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
2005 Harold Pinter United Kingdom "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"

Laureates in Chemistry

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany " the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906 Henri Moissan France " investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for electric furnace called after him"
1910 Otto Wallach Germany " his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1918 Fritz Haber Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1943 George de Hevesy Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1961 Melvin Calvin United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
1972 William H. Stein United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1979 Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1980 Paul Berg United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
1981 Roald Hoffmann United States "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
1982 Aaron Klug United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1985 Jerome Karle United States for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1989 Sidney Altman Canada
United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1998 Walter Kohn Walter Kohn United States "for his development of the density-functional theory"
2004 Aaron Ciechanover Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2009 Ada E. Yonath Israel "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

Laureates in Physiology or Medicine

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1901 Emil Adolf von Behring Germany "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"
1908 File:Ilya Mechnikov (Nobel 1908).png Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Russia "in recognition of their work on immunity"
File:Paul Ehrlich.png Paul Ehrlich Germany
1914 Robert Bárány Austria "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
1922 Otto Fritz Meyerhof Germany "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
1930 Karl Landsteiner Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups"
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
1936 File:Otto Loewi 1955 Woods Hole MA.JPG Otto Loewi Austria "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
1944 Joseph Erlanger United States "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
Herbert Spencer Gasser United States
1945 Ernst Boris Chain United Kingdom "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
1946 Hermann Joseph Muller United States "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
1947 Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz United States "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1950 Tadeusz Reichstein Switzerland "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1952 Selman Abraham Waksman United States "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
Fritz Albert Lipmann United States "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
1958 Joshua Lederberg United States "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
1959 Arthur Kornberg United States "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1964 Konrad Bloch United States "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
1965 François Jacob France "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
André Lwoff France
1967 George Wald United States "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1968 Marshall W. Nirenberg United States "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1969 Salvador E. Luria United States "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1970 Julius Axelrod United States "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom
1972 Gerald M. Edelman United States "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
1975 David Baltimore United States "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Howard Martin Temin United States
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg United States "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1977 Andrew V. Schally United States "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
Rosalyn Yalow United States "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1978 Daniel Nathans United States "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
1980 File:Barujbenacerraf.gif Baruj Benacerraf United States "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1984 César Milstein Argentina
United Kingdom 		"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
1985 Michael S. Brown United States "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
Joseph L. Goldstein United States
1986 Stanley Cohen United States "for their discoveries of growth factors"
Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy
United States
1988 Gertrude B. Elion United States "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1989 Harold E. Varmus United States "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1990 Joseph E. Murray United States "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
E. Donnall Thomas United States
1991 Erwin Neher Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
Bert Sakmann Federal Republic of Germany
1992 Edmond H. Fischer Switzerland
United States 		"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
Edwin G. Krebs United States
1993 Richard J. Roberts United Kingdom "for their discoveries of split genes"
Phillip A. Sharp United States
1994 Alfred G. Gilman United States "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Martin Rodbell United States
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner United States "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"
1998 Robert F. Furchgott United States "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
2000 Paul Greengard United States "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
Eric R. Kandel United States
2002 Sydney Brenner United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
H. Robert Horvitz United States

Laureates in Physics

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
1908 Gabriel Lippmann France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1921 Albert Einstein Germany "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922 Niels Bohr Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1925 James Franck Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
File:Gustav Ludwig Hertz.jpg Gustav Hertz Germany
1943 File:OttoStern.jpg Otto Stern United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1952 Felix Bloch United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1954 Max Born United Kingdom "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
1958 Il'ya Frank Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union
1959 Emilio Gino Segrè Italy "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961 Robert Hofstadter United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963 Eugene Paul Wigner United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1965 File:Feynman.jpg Richard Phillips Feynman United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Julian Schwinger United States
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1971 Dennis Gabor United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972 Leon Neil Cooper United States "for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1973 Brian David Josephson United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1975 Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1976 Burton Richter United States "for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
Arno Allan Penzias United States "for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
Steven Weinberg United States
1988 Leon Max Lederman United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Melvin Schwartz United States
Jack Steinberger United States
1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States "for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
1992 Georges Charpak France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
Frederick Reines United States "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996 David Morris Lee United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Douglas D. Osheroff United States
1997 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia
United States 		"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia
2004 David J. Gross United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
H. David Politzer United States
2005 Roy J. Glauber United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"

Laureates in Peace Prize

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1911 Tobias Michael Carel Asser The Netherlands "Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"
Alfred Hermann Fried Austria "Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"
1968 René Cassin France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"
1973 Henry A. Kissinger United States "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"
1978 Menachem Begin Israel "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"
1986 Elie Wiesel United States "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""
1994 Yitzhak Rabin Israel "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."
Shimon Peres Israel
1995 Joseph Rotblat United Kingdom "for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"

Laureates in Economics

Year Laureate Country Rationale
1970 File:Samuelson1950.jpg Paul Samuelson USA "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"

1971 File:Kuznets portrait.jpg Simon Kuznets USA "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
1972 Kenneth Arrow USA "for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
1973 File:Leontief-Harvard.jpg Wassily Leontief Russia
Germany
USA 		"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
1975 Leonid Kantorovich Russia
Germany
USA 		"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
1976 File:MiltonFriedman.jpg Milton Friedman USA "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
1978 File:HerbertSimon.jpg Herbert A. Simon USA "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
1980 Lawrence Robert Klein USA "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
1985 Franco Modigliani USA "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
1987 Robert M. Solow USA "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""
1990 File:Markowitz 1.jpg Harry Markowitz USA "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""
Merton Miller USA
1992 Gary Becker USA "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""


1993 Robert Fogel USA "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1994 John Harsanyi Hungary
USA 		"for his pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1997 Myron Scholes Canada "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
2001 Joseph Stiglitz USA "for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2002 Daniel Kahneman USA "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
2005 Robert Aumann Israel
USA 		"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2007 Leonid Hurwicz United States "For having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
Eric Maskin United States
Roger Myerson United States
2008 Paul Krugman USA "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"

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