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The Starchild skull is an abnormal human skull which was allegedly found in Mexico. It is primarily known through paranormal researchers' claims that it represents evidence of extraterrestrial contact. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from the skull establishes that it is human.

Discovery

The starchild skull came into the possession of Ray and Melanie Young of El Paso, Texas, who entrusted it to Lloyd Pye, a writer and lecturer in what he calls the field of alternative knowledge, in February 1999. According to Pye, the skull was found around 1930 in a mine tunnel about 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Chihuahua, Mexico, buried alongside a normal human skeleton that was exposed and lying supine on the surface of the tunnel.

Analysis

The skull is abnormal in several respects. The Starchild’s bone proved extremely difficult to cut, even though it was half as thick and half as heavy as normal human bone. Then, when researchers Jason Eshleman and Ripan Malhi put it into the solvents used for dissolving human bone, it resisted those routine attempts to break it down. A very powerful solvent had to be administered to do so. A dentist determined, based on examination of the upper right maxilla found with the skull, that it was a child's skull, 4.5 to 5 years in age. However, the volume of the interior of the starchild skull is 1,600 cubic centimeters, which is 200 cm³ larger than the average adult's brain, and 400 cm³ larger than an adult of the same approximate size. The orbits are oval and shallow, with the optic nerve canal situated at the bottom of the orbit instead of at the back. There are no frontal sinuses. The back of the skull is flattened, but not by artificial means. The skull consists of calcium hydroxyapatite, the normal material of mammalian bone. However, embedded in the matrix of the Starchild’s bone were fibers of some kind. These fibers seemed to be incredibly durable because, they had been shredded rather than sheared by the cutting blade that removed the bone samples from the skulls. Such fibers had never been found in any other bone in any other animal species on earth.

Dating

Carbon 14 dating was performed twice, the first on the normal human skull at the University of California at Riverside in 1999, and on the Starchild skull in 2004 at Beta Analytic in Miami, the largest radiocarbon dating laboratory in the world. Both independent tests gave a result of 900 years ± 40 years since death.

DNA testing

DNA testing in 1999 at BOLD, a forensic DNA lab in Vancouver, British Columbia found standard X and Y chromosomes in two samples taken from the skull, "conclusive evidence that the child was not only human (and male), but both of his parents must have been human as well, for each must have contributed one of the human sex chromosomes". Further DNA testing at Trace Genetics, which unlike BOLD specializes in extracting DNA from ancient samples, in 2003 recovered mitochondrial DNA from both skulls. The child belongs to haplogroup C, while the adult female belongs to haplogroup A. Both haplotypes are characteristic Native American haplogroups, but the different haplogroup for each skull indicates that the adult female was not the child's mother. Trace Genetics was not able to recover useful lengths of nuclear DNA or Y-chromosomal DNA for further testing. As of March 2010 the Starchild Skull has had new and more elaborate DNA tests using the nuclear DNA, which appear to prove that it is a hybrid (human-unknown).

Explanations

Explanations for the skull's unusual features include the use of cradle boarding on a hydrocephalic child, brachycephaly, Crouzon syndrome, congenital hydrocephalus, and progeria.

Paranormal interest

The skull has garnered great interest with those interested in UFOs and alien visitation. Some contend that it is the skull of an alien, or a human/alien hybrid, based on the shape of the skull bearing similarities to the common representation of aliens as "Greys". Proponents of a paranormal explanation for the skull's origin reject hypothesis involving non-paranormal causes such as cradle boarding or hydrocephaly, and contend that it has many other abnormalities such as the thickness, density, and strength of the bone that argue against the skull being human.

See also

• List of DNA tested mummies

References

1. ^ http://www.theness.com/the-starchild-project/
2. Pye, Lloyd 'Starchild Project'
3. Pye, Lloyd. "TERRIBLE TWO'S : Summary of the first Two Years". Starchild Project. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
4. ^ McCoy, Max (November 1999). "Star Child". Fortean Times (127): 42–45.
5. http://www.ufocusnz.org.nz/starchild_skull.html
6. Brown, Matthew. "A Report on Maxilla and Dental X-Rays". Starchild Project. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
7. Robinson, Ted J. "A Preliminary Analysis of a Highly Unusual Human-Like Skull". Starchild Project. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
8. http://www.starchildproject.com/fibers.htm
9. http://mondovista.com/starchild3.html
10. Trace Genetics "Report on the DNA analysis from skeletal remains from two skulls"
11. http://mondovista.com/starchild3.html
12. Phoenix, Jack (Early 2005 (special)). "Unconvention 2004". Fortean Times (191): 28–30. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
13. Chow, Adelina (2006). "The Mystery of the Starchild Skull". World-Mysteries.com. Retrieved 2006-10-01.

External links

• The Starchild Project: Lloyd Pye's website on the skull
• The Starchild Project - Critical overview by Steven Novella
• The Mystery of the Starchild Skull (critical)

• Extraterrestrial life
• UFO-related phenomena
• Skull
• Ancient astronaut theory
• Pseudoarchaeology
• Famous body parts
• Human remains (archaeological)