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S. Fred Singer
Born (1924-09-27) September 27, 1924 (age 100)
Vienna, Austria
NationalityAustrian, American
EducationB.E.E in electrical engineering (1943)
A.M. in physics (1944)
Ph.D. in physics (1948)
Alma materOhio State University, Princeton University
OccupationAtmospheric physicist
Organization(s)Professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia
Founder and president of the Science & Environmental Policy Project
Known forFirst director of the U.S. National Weather Satellite Service (1962–1964); involvement in global warming controversy
AwardsSpecial Commendation from President Eisenhower for the early design of satellites.
Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Federal Service

Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924 in Vienna) is an American atmospheric physicist, and professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia, where he worked from 1971 to 1994. He is the author or editor of a number of books, including The Changing Global Environment (1975), Global Climate Change (1989), and Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997), and co-author of Unstoppable Global Warming (2007) with Dennis Avery, and Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) with Craig Idso.

Singer has had a varied career in government, academia, and the military. After obtaining his PhD from Princeton in 1948, he worked as a scientific liaison officer in the U.S. Embassy in London, and designed mines for the Navy. He became a leading figure in the early development of earth observation satellites, serving as special adviser on space development to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and establishing the National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center in 1962. He was later the founding dean of the University of Miami's School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences, deputy assistant administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency, and chief scientist for the Department of Transportation. In 1990 he founded the Science & Environmental Policy Project, a non-profit research institute, where he serves as president.

Singer has been involved for a number of years as a skeptic in the debate on climate change—The New York Times writes that his supporters and critics call him the dean of climate contrarians. He argues that there is no evidence that increases in carbon dioxide produced by human beings cause global warming, that the temperature of the planet has always varied, and that if temperatures rise it will be good for humankind. He is an outspoken opponent of the Kyoto Protocol, and has said of the climate models that scientists use to predict future trends that "models are very nice, but they are not reality and they are not evidence."

Education

Singer received a B.E.E in electrical engineering from Ohio State University in 1943; an A.M. in physics from Princeton in 1944; and a Ph.D in physics from Princeton in 1948.

Career

Frmo 1946 to 1950, Singer worked on the Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Silver Spring, Maryland. He designed the first instruments used in satellites to measure cosmic radiation and ozone, and invented the backscatter photometer ozone-monitoring instrument for early versions of U.S. weather satellites.

From 1950 to 1953, he was attached to the U.S. Embassy in London as a scientific liaison officer with the Office of Naval Research, in order to study research programs in Europe into cosmic radiation and nuclear physics. He moved back to the United States in 1953, where he served as director of the Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics, and worked as a professor at the University of Maryland until 1962. By this time he was a leading figure in the development of earth observation satellites, and became a special adviser on space developments to President Eisenhower. In 1962, he established the National Weather Service's Satellite Service Center, serving as its director until 1964.

He founded and became the first dean of the School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences, University of Miami (1964-1967). In the late 1960s and early 1970s he was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Water Quality and Research, U.S. Department of the Interior (1967-1970), and Deputy Assistant Administrator for Policy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1970-1971). He then accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, a position he held from 1971 until 1994, when he came Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.

He held several other government and consultancy positions during this period, including Chief Scientist for the United States Department of Transportation (1987-1989), and consultant to the House Select Committee on Space, NASA, the Government Accountability Office, the National Science Foundation, the United States Atomic Energy Commission, NRC, the U.S. Department of Defense (Strategic Defense Initiative), U.S. DOE Nuclear Waste Panel, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the state governments of Virginia, Alaska, and Pennsylvania, and to a number of corporations, including GE, Ford, GM, Exxon, Shell, Sun Oil, Lockheed Martin, and IBM.

Views

In the 1980s and 1990s Singer became associated in the public eye with a number of controversial issues, including global warming, and was described as a "climate contrarian". He is skeptical of scientific findings on human-induced global warming, the connection between CFCs and ozone depletion, and the link between second hand smoke and lung cancer. He has worked with a number of organizations with similar views, such as the Independent Institute, the American Council on Science and Health, Frontiers of Freedom, the Marshall Institute, and the National Center for Policy Analysis.

Satellites and space exploration

Fred Singer has been a proponent of manned and unmanned missions to Mars and the Martian moons. In 1994, he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite.

Kuwait oil fires debate

During Operation Desert Storm in 1991, Singer debated Carl Sagan on the impact of the Kuwaiti petroleum fires on the ABC News program Nightline. Sagan said we know from the nuclear winter investigation that the smoke could loft into the upper atmosphere and that he believed the net effects could be very similar to the explosion of the Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815, which resulted in the year 1816 being known as the year without a summer, in massive agricultural failures, in very serious human suffering and, in some cases, starvation. Sagan predicted the same for south Asia, and perhaps for a significant fraction of the northern hemisphere as well as a result. Singer, on the other hand, said that calculations showed that the smoke would go to an altitude of about 3,000 feet and then be rained out after about three to five days and thus the lifetime of the smoke would be limited.

The Kuwaiti oil field fires had little environmental or climatic effect beyond the Gulf region and no measurable ill effects globally. Sagan conceded in his book The Demon-Haunted World that this prediction did not turn out to be correct: "it was pitch black at noon and temperatures dropped 4°-6°C over the Persian Gulf, but not much smoke reached stratospheric altitudes and Asia was spared", and several sources concluded that lack of predicted and modeled global climatic cooling indicates that Singer was correct in his hypothesis.

Global warming

Singer said that "Climate change is a natural phenomenon. Climate keeps changing all the time. The fact that climate changes is not in itself a threat, because, obviously, in the past human beings have adapted to all kinds of climate changes." He also noted that the urban heat island effect influences surface temperatures, and later in 2003, he asserted that the warming from surface thermometer data was contradicted by satellite and radiosonde data etc. Singer has emphasized natural factors over anthropogenic causes to explain global warming.

Singer has critiqued other scientists' research in Eos, December 16, 1997. Singer co-authored two 2004 articles in Geophysics Research Letters, and in 2007 he collaborated on a study which found tropospheric temperature trends of 'Climate of the 20th Century' models differed from satellite observations by twice the model mean uncertainty. He is the co-author of Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years with Dennis T. Avery of the Hudson Institute.

In March 2007, Singer appeared in the documentary The Great Global Warming Swindle, which called the mainstream view on global warming was "a lie" and "the biggest scam of modern times".

A 2007 Newsweek cover story on climate change denial reported that: "In April 1998 a dozen people from the denial machine — including the Marshall Institute, Fred Singer's group and Exxon — met at the American Petroleum Institute's Washington headquarters. They proposed a $5 million campaign, according to a leaked eight-page memo, to convince the public that the science of global warming is riddled with controversy and uncertainty." The plan was reportedly aimed at "raising questions about and undercutting the 'prevailing scientific wisdom'" on climate change. According to Newsweek, the plan was leaked to the press and therefore was never implemented. ABC News has reported that Singer insists he is not on the payroll of the energy industry, but admits he once received an unsolicited $10,000 from Exxon. Singer subsequently stated that his purported "connection" to ExxonMobil was more like being on their mailing list than to holding a paid position, pointing out that this single charitable donation comprised a tiny fraction (1%) of all donations received.

In the week following Newsweek's cover story, it published the contrary view of Robert Samuelson, a bi-weekly columnist at Newsweek, who characterized the story's conception of an industry-funded denial machine as "contrived" and "fundamentally misleading".

In 1994 Singer was an author of the first draft and later the Principal Reviewer of a report authored by Kent Jeffreys titled Science, economics, and environmental policy: a critical examination which was published by the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI), a right wing think tank of which he was a Senior Fellow. The report attacked the United States Environmental Protection Agency for their 1993 study about the cancer risks of passive smoking and called it "junk science". Singer also appeared on a tobacco industry list of people who could write op-ed pieces defending the industry’s views, according to a peer-reviewed commentary by Derek Yacht and Stella Aguinaga Bialous. Writing for The Guardian, George Monbiot stated that in 1993 APCO, a public relations firm, sent a memo to Philip Morris vice-president Ellen Merlo stating: "As you know, we have been working with Singer and Dr. Dwight Lee, who have authored articles on junk science and indoor air quality (IAQ) respectively ..." Monbiot wrote that he did not have direct evidence that Singer had been paid by Philip Morris.

In 2009 Singer was critical of the scientists involved in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, accusing the involved scientists of suppressing data, smearing opponents, and misusing the peer review process. He argued that "Climategate exposed , and now it turns out that global warming might have been ‘man made’ after all."

NIPCC

In 2008, Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project completed the organization of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) as the culmination of a process that began in 2003. The NIPCC calls itself "an international coalition of scientists convened to provide an independent examination of the evidence available on the causes and consequences of climate change in the published, peer-reviewed literature – examined without bias and selectivity." The Science and Environmental Policy Project received $143,000 for preparing the report in 2007.

The 2008 NIPCC document titled Nature, Not Human Activity Rules the Climate: Summary for Policymakers of the Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel of Climate Change, published by The Heartland Institute, was released in February-March 2008. Singer served as General Editor and also holds the copyright.

Climate scientists from NASA, Stanford University and Princeton who were contacted by ABC News dismissed the same report as "fabricated nonsense." In response, Singer objected to the ABC News piece, calling it "an appalling display of bias, unfairness, journalistic misbehavior, and a breakdown of ethical standards" which used "prejudicial language, distorted facts, libelous insinuations, and anonymous smears."

UV-A, melanoma, and stratospheric ozone

Singer has stated there is a connection between UV-A and melanoma, as well as between the shorter-wavelength UV-B radiation and basal and squamous cell skin cancers. However, he believes that there is "no clear relation" between UV-B and melanoma rates, based on published research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences regarding UV-B radiation and melanoma Singer has variously suggested there is no connection between CFCs and stratospheric ozone loss, and that no significant ozone loss is occurring.

Awards

U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Federal Service.

Singer received an honorary Doctorate of Science from Ohio State University in 1970. He was recognised by President Eisenhower for his contribution to the early design of satellites, receiving a Special Commendation. Upon stepping down as the first Director of the National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center he also received a U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Federal Service.

Selected publications

  • Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (Reidel, 1970)
  • Manned Laboratories in Space (Reidel, 1970)
  • Is There an Optimum Level of Population? (McGraw-Hill, 1971)
  • The Changing Global Environment (Reidel, 1975)
  • Arid Zone Development (Ballinger, 1977)
  • Economic Effects of Demographic Changes (Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, 1977)
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis in Environmental Decisionmaking (Mitre Corp, 1979)
  • Energy (W.H. Freeman, 1979)
  • The Price of World Oil (Annual Reviews of Energy, Vol. 8, 1983)
  • Free Market Energy (Universe Books, 1984)
  • Oil Policy in a Changing Market (Annual Reviews of Energy, Vol. 12, 1987)
  • The Ocean in Human Affairs (Paragon House, 1989)
  • The Universe and Its Origin: From Ancient Myths to Present Reality and Future Fantasy (Paragon House, 1990)
  • Global Climate Change: Human and Natural Influences (Paragon House, 1989)
  • The Greenhouse Debate Continued (ICS Press, 1992)
  • The Scientific Case Against the Global Climate Treaty (SEPP, 1997)
  • Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming's Unfinished Debate (The Independent Institute, 1997)
  • with Dennis Avery. Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1500 Years (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007)
  • with Craig Idso. Climate Change Reconsidered: 2009 Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) (2009).

See also

Notes and references

  1. Singer, Siegfried Fred. "Climate policy—from Rio to Kyoto: a political issue for 2000—and beyond", Essays in public policy, Issue 102, Hoover Press, 2000, p. 52; S. Fred Singer, Ph.D. Professional background, Science & Environmental Policy Project, accessed May 13, 2010.
  2. Current biography yearbook, Volume 10, H. W. Wilson Company, 1956; "Astrophysics: Capturing a Moon and Other Diversions", Time magazine, February 21, 1969.
  3. Levy, Lillian. Space, Its Impact on Man and Society. Ayer Publishing, p. xiii; S. Fred Singer, Ph.D., Science and Environmental Policy Project, accessed May 13, 2010.
  4. Revkin, Andrew. "Skeptics Dispute Climate Worries and Each Other", The New York Times, March 8, 2009.
  5. Gray, Louise. "Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference", The Daily Telegraph, November 18, 2009.
  6. Tierney, John. "Lessons from the Skeptics' Conference", The New York Times, March 4, 2008; Stevens, William K. "Global Warming: The Contrarian View", The New York Times, February 29, 2000.
  7. ^ S. Fred Singer, Ph.D. Professional background, Science & Environmental Policy Project, accessed May 13, 2010.
  8. Harris, Paul G. The Environment, International Relations, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Georgetown University Press, 2001, p. 130; Hogan, James P. Catastrophes, Chaos & Convolutions. Baen Books, 2005; Lal, Deepak. The Limits of International Co-operation. Institute of Economic Affairs, 1990.
  9. Current biography yearbook, Volume 10, H. W. Wilson Company, 1956; S. Fred Singer, Ph.D., Science & Environmental Policy Project, accessed May 15, 2010.
  10. "AIA News" (PDF).; Mooney, Kevin (2007-03-15). "Scientist Calls Global Warming Theories 'Bunk,' Cites Errors of Logic". CNS News. reprint; Begley, Sharon (2007-08-13). "The Truth About Denial". Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-10-15.; Brook, Barry (2007-07-12). "Don't be swindled". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 2009-10-15.; Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008 instead.; Mooney, Chris (2005). The Republican War on Science. Basic Books. ISBN 0465046754. page 61; Gelbspan, Ross (2006). "From "The Heat Is On"". In Chehoski, Robert (ed.). Critical Perspectives on Climate Disruption. Critical Anthologies of Nonfiction Writing. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4042-0539-0. page 17
  11. Singer, S. Fred (2000). "Global Warming: Unfinished Business". SEPP. Retrieved 2009-10-15.; Singer, S. Fred (1999-01-10). "Parting green clouds". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-02-26.; Singer, S. Fred (2006-11-22). "Public misled". Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  12. ^ Singer, S. Fred. "Five Scientific Questions On The CFC-Ozone Issue". SEPP. Retrieved 2009-10-16. Both theory and measurements suggests that hydrogen-containing molecules, not chlorine, are the main destruction agent for ozone in the lower stratosphere
  13. Singer, S. Fred. "About the Project". SEPP. Retrieved 2009-10-16.; Singer, S. Fred (2006-07-22). "The Week That Was". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-02-26. Surgeon General...attempts to demonstrate that secondhand smoke is a risk to health. His evidence is not convincing. We think he does not succeed.
  14. S. Fred Singer: The Independent Institute; "Scientific advisors". American Council on Science and Health. Retrieved 2008-05-15.; "Frontiers of Freedom - Staff". archived link from 2003-12-15; Warming Caused by Natural Cycle | Not Humans | News | E-Team
  15. S. Fred Singer. "A Manned Mission to the Mysterious Moons of Mars", Philosophical Society of Washington, November 22, 2002, accessed May 13, 2010; "Astrophysics: Capturing a Moon and Other Diversions", Time magazine, February 21, 1969.
  16. Long duration exposure facility (LDEF) interplanetary dust experiment (IDE) impact detector results
  17. "First Israeli Scud Fatalities Oil Fires in Kuwait". Nightline. 1991-01-22. ABC. yes. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  18. Sagan, Carl. The Demon-Haunted World. p. 257.
  19. The Washington Times. When advocacy beclouds science. June 2, 1993
  20. The Washington Times. Mr. Gore in the balance. March 2, 1994
  21. Patrick J Michaels. Sound and fury: the science and politics of global warming. 1992
  22. Singer, S. Fred (2000). (Interview). Interviewed by Jon Palfreman http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/warming/debate/singer.html. Retrieved 2008-11-26. {{cite interview}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |callsign= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (help)
  23. Singer, S. Fred (2003). "McLieberman Bill Unsupported By Science: Voted Down by Senate". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-04-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. Singer, S. Fred (2003). "EPA Bias on Global Warming". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-04-23. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. Singer, S. Fred (2005). "The Physical Evidence of Earth's Unstoppable 1,500-Year Climate Cycle" (PDF). SEPP. Retrieved 2007-02-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. Unknowns About Climate Variability Render Treaty Targets Premature, EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Volume 78, page 584, December 16, 1997
  27. See SEPP, "Further reading"
  28. Douglass, David H. (2007). "A comparison of tropical temperature trends with model predictions" (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 28: 1693. doi:10.1002/joc.1651. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. Douglass, David H. (2004). "Altitude Dependence of Atmospheric Temperature Trends: Climate Models vs Observation". Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (L13208). arXiv:physics/0407074v1 . {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. Singer, S. Fred; Avery, Dennis T. (2008). Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years, Updated Expanded edition. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 264. ISBN 0742551245.
  31. The Truth About Denial, by Sharon Begley. Published in Newsweek on August 13, 2007; accessed November 8, 2007.
  32. Harris, Dan (2008-03-23). "Global Warming Denier: Fraud or 'Realist'?". ABC News. ABCnews.com. Retrieved 2008-03-24. Singer insists he is not on the payroll of the energy industry, but stated he once accepted an unsolicited check from Exxon for $10,000. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Singer, S. Fred (2008-03-28). "Letter to ABC News from Dr. S. Fred Singer". News Releases > March 2008. Science & Environmental Policy Project. Retrieved 07/08/2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  34. http://www.newsweek.com/id/32312
  35. Singer, Fred and Jeffreys, Kent. "Science, economics, and environmental policy: a critical examination" (pdf). Alexis de Tocqueville Institution. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. Gifford, Adam (1 June 2004). "Computer Associates adopts Linux for Ingres database". New Zealand Herald.
  37. Jeffreys, Kent (11 August 1994). "Science, economics, and environmental policy: a critical examination" (pdf). Alexis de Tocqueville Institution. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
  38. Yach, Derek (2001). "Junking Science to Promote Tobacco" (PDF). Vol 91, No. 11. American Journal of Public Health. pp. 1745–1748. Retrieved 2008-08-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. Monbiot, George (2006-09-19). "The denial industry". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  40. Singer, Fred (14 December 2009). "Climate skeptic: We are winning the science battle". Reuters. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  41. Singer, S. Fred (2007-09-01-). "The Week that Was". SEPP. Retrieved 2008-05-09. Because of these omissions, which became evident from the initial drafts of AR4, the SEPP decided to set up a 'Team B' to produce an independent evaluation of the available scientific evidence. While the initial organization took place in 2004, Team B only became activated after the SPM appeared in February 2007; it changed its name to NIPCC and organized an international climate workshop in Vienna in April 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. Harriette Johnson and Joseph L. Bast (2008-05-05). "Climate Change Conference Invigorates Global Warming Debate". Environment News. The Heartland Institute. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
  43. S. Fred Singer. "Form 990 SEPP 2007 Part VII line 93" (PDF). Guidestar.
  44. Singer, Editor, S. Fred (2008-03-02). "Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate". Summary for Policymakers of the Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change. Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change / The Heartland Institute. Retrieved 2008-05-08. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  45. Report notice: Opinions expressed are solely those of the authors. Nothing in this report should be construed as reflecting the views of the Science and Environmental Policy Project or The Heartland Institute, or as an attempt to influence pending legislation.
  46. Harris, Dan (2008-03-23). "Global Warming Denier: Fraud or 'Realist'?". ABC News. ABCnews.com. Retrieved 2008-03-24. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  47. Singer, S. Fred. "Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  48. Singer, S. Fred (1995-02-01). "Lecture at St. Vincent College: The Use and Misuse of Science". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  49. Singer, S. Fred (1996-08-01). "Testimony in the U.S. House of Representatives, on Ozone Depletion". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  50. Singer, S. Fred (1994). "Ozone, Skin Cancer, and the SST". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-02-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  51. Singer, S. Fred (1994-03-21). "The hole truth about CFCs". SEPP. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  52. "Anthology of 1995's Environmental Myths"
  53. ^ Lehr, Jay H. (1992). Rational Readings on Environmental Concerns. John Wiley And Sons. p. 393. ISBN 0471284858.
  54. Levy, Lillian (1973). Space, Its Impact on Man and Society. Ayer Publishing. xiii. ISBN 0836981642. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ Singer, S. Fred (1975). The Changing Global Environment. Springer Publishers. p. 401. ISBN 9027704023.

Further reading

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