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British Pakistanis

File:Shk7.jpeg Notable British people of Pakistani descent: James Caan, Sajid Mahmood, Natasha Khan, Tarique Ghaffur, Sajjad Karim, Hanif Kureishi, Tariq Ali, Amir Khan, Salma Yaqoob
Regions with significant populations
Regions: West Midlands, Greater London, Yorkshire and The Humber, North West England, Scotland Metropolitan Areas: Greater London, Birmingham Metro Area, Greater Manchester, Leeds-Bradford, Greater Glasgow Cities and towns: Batley, Birmingham, Blackburn, Bolton, Bradford, Burnley, Bury, Cardiff, Coventry, Derby, Glasgow, Huddersfield, London, Luton, Manchester, Nelson, Nottingham, Oldham, Peterborough, Preston, Reading, Rochdale, Slough, Stoke-on-Trent, Walsall
Languages
British English, Urdu, Punjabi, others
Religion
Majority Islam (92%) Minority Christianity (1%)
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Pakistani, British Asian

British Pakistanis (also Pakistani Britons) are citizens of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan. The UK has the second largest overseas Pakistani population after Saudi Arabia. Pakistanis make up a large subgroup of British Asians largely due to historical and colonial links and Pakistan still being part of the Commonwealth of Nations. The British Pakistani population is very diverse and differs from region to region. British Pakistanis are victims of the North-South divide in Britain. This means that in London and the South East, the community is socially mobile and educational achievement is on or above national averages. While in the West Midlands and the North of England, the community has generally suffered from a decline in the manufacturing industry and the change to a service economy. Science and Mathematics remain popular subjects with the youngest generation of British Pakistanis, as the youth begin to establish themselves within the field.

History

Pre-partition

Pakistan came into existence in 1947. However, Muslim immigrants from the Kashmir and Sindh areas now part of Pakistan, entered the British Isles as early as the mid-seventeenth century. These people arrived as Lascars (Lashkars) and Sailors into British port cities.

Many from what is now Pakistan fought alongside the British Army during World War I. Many Pakistanis also fought alongside the British during the Second World War, particularly during the Battle of France, the North African Campaign and in the Burma Campaign. During World War II, many contributed directly to the British war effort as many skilled Pakistanis worked on the assembly lines of the Spitfire fighter aircraft manufacturing plant in Castle Bromwich, Birmingham during the crucial and critical periods of the Battle of Britain.

Post-partition

Following the Second World War and the break-up of the British Empire, Pakistani migration to the United Kingdom increased, specifically during the 1950s and 1960s, as Pakistan was a part of the Commonwealth. Pakistanis were invited by employers to fulfill labour shortages and by being Commonwealth citizens, Pakistanis were eligible to full rights of entry and residence as well as full civic rights. Pakistanis found employment in the steel and textile industries of Yorkshire, Lancashire and the West Midlands, mainly working night shifts and in the light industry of Luton and Slough.

The majority of the immigration began in the mid-1950s when manual workers were recruited to fulfil the labour shortage which resulted from World War II. Many people began immigrating from Azad Kashmir after the completion of Mangla Dam in Mirpur in the late 1950s as well, that destroyed hundreds of villages and stimulated a large wave of migration. Up to 5,000 people from Mirpur (5% of the displaced) left for Britain.

In the years to come, many from Punjab began immigrating in the 1960s; they worked in the foundries of the English Midlands and a large number worked at Heathrow Airport as well. During the same time, medical staff from Pakistan were recruited for the newly formed National Health Service. Over 7,000 Pakistani doctors currently work for the NHS.

During the 1970s, a large number of East African Asians, who already held British passports, entered the UK after they were expelled from Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Immigration Act 1971 largely restricted any further primary immigration, although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed.

Apart from those who came from rural areas, a considerable number of Pakistanis arrived from cities and towns in the 1960s. Many of these were qualified Teachers, Doctors and Engineers and they had a predisposition to settle in London, as opposed to the Midlands or the North.

When work in the Mills began to dry up many British Pakistanis became unemployed. Some, however, were more resourceful and instead became self-employed. This initiative is still seen today, particularly in the North of England, where a large proportion of British Pakistanis work as Taxi drivers.

Demographics

Population

According to the 2001 UK Census, 747,285 Pakistanis were residing in the UK and by most recent estimates the figure has increased to well over 1,000,000. This represents 1.5% of the UK's total population and makes it the world's second largest overseas Pakistani community. Kashmiris make up the largest proportion of the British Pakistani population. Large Kashmiri communities can be found in Birmingham, Bradford, Oldham and the surrounding Northern towns. Luton and Slough have the largest Kashmiri communities in the South of England. The Pakistani community of London is made up of the most diverse cohort Pakistanis.

There is a small Pakistani Pashtun population in the UK. But the majority of British Pakistanis are from the Kashmir and Punjab areas of Pakistan.

Languages

Most Pakistani Britons speak English and second, third and fourth generation Pakistani Britons consider English as their first language. Urdu is understood and spoken by many in the community and is often the language of communication between Pakistani Britons. Urdu is taught in madrassas along with Arabic. In some of the larger communities Urdu is also taught in secondary schools and colleges to GCSE and A Levels respectively. Overwhelming, the majority of Pakistanis in the Britain are from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir and the dominant languages therefore spoken are Pothwari and Hindko which are dialects of Punjabi. Other languages include Punjabi as spoken in the Punjab province, Pashto, Sindhi, Kashmiri and Balochi. According to an Ethnologue report, the number of speakers of such languages (as a primary language) in the United Kingdom are shown below. Please note that some of these languages are not only spoken by British Pakistanis however by other groups such as British Indians and British Afghans to name a few, these are indicated by an asterix.

• Eastern Panjabi* (although spoken predominantly in India) - 471,000 speakers as a first language
• Urdu* (although spoken predominantly in Pakistan) - 400,000
• Gujarati* (also spoken in India) - 140,000
• Kashmiri* (also spoken in India) - 115,000
• Western Punjabi* (although spoken predominantly in Pakistan) - 102,500
• Southern Pashto* (also spoken in Afghanistan) - 87,000
• Northern Pashto* (also spoken in Afghanistan) - 75,000
• Saraiki - 30,000
• Mirpur Punjabi - 20,000

Population by UK Censuses

Excluding Bangladeshis pre 1971:

Source:

Religion

The majority 92% of Pakistanis in the UK are Muslims (mainly Sunni), however there is a sizeable minority of Shia Muslims as well as some Christians (around 8,000 people), and a few Hindus and Sikhs throughout some communities.

Pakistanis make up the largest group of Muslims in Britain at 43%. However, this varies from a high of 71% in Yorkshire and The Humber to a low of 21.5% in Greater London. The overall religious breakdown of British Pakistanis in 2001 can be seen below:

Religion	Percentage of British Pakistani pop.	Percentage of total British pop.	Population (2001)
Islam	92.01%	British Pakistani Muslims represent 43.21% of the British Muslim community and 1.17% of the UK population	687,544
Not Stated	6.16%	1.07% of the total number of non-correspondents and 0.08% of the UK population	46,035
Christianity	1.09%	British Pakistani Christians represent represent 0.02% of the British Christian community and 0.01% of the UK population	8,174
Agnostic	0.50%	0.04% of the total number of Agnostics and 0.01% of the UK population	3,721
Hinduism	0.08%	British Pakistani Hindus represent 0.10% of the British Hindu community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	572
Judaism	0.05%	British Pakistani Jews represent represent 0.14% of the British Jewish community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	373
Sikhism	0.05%	British Pakistani Sikhs represent 0.11% of the British Sikh community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	362
Other Religion	0.04%	0.17% of the total of people with another religion and close to 0.00% of the UK population	312
Buddhism	0.03%	British Pakistani Buddhists represent represent 0.13% of the British Buddhist community and close to 0.00% of the UK population	193
Total	100%		747,285

See also:

Population distribution

Pakistani population in the United Kingdom regions
Region	Population	Pakistani Population	Pakistanis as Percentage of Population	Cities / Boroughs with Significant Pakistani communities (2005)
West Midlands	5,350,700	172,400	3.2%	Birmingham - 105,000 (11.0% of the city's population) Walsall - 10,000 (5.6%) Sandwell - 8,500 (3.0%) Stoke-on-Trent - 7,000 (3.0%) Dudley - 6,500 (3.3%) Coventry - 6,500 (2.1%) Burton-on-Trent - 4,000 (6.6%) Wolverhampton - 3,000 (1.3%)
Greater London	7,456,100	163,800	2.2%	Newham - 21,000 (8.7% of the city's population) Waltham Forest - 17,500 (7.7%) Redbridge - 15,000 (6.6%) Ealing - 11,500 (3.9%) Brent - 11,000 (4.3%) Hounslow - 9,500 (4.4%) Croydon - 7,500 (2.6%) Wandsworth - 5,500 (1.9%) Harrow - 4,500 (2.5%) Hillingdon - 4,000 (1.8%) Barnet - 4,000 (1.6%) Barking & Dagenham - 3,000 (2.2%)
Yorkshire and the Humber	5,107,500	163,400	3.2%	Bradford - 75,000 (15.3% of the city's population) Huddersfield/Kirklees - 27,000 (6.8%) Sheffield - 16,000 (3.0%) Leeds - 15,500 (3.5%) Halifax/Calderdale - 10,000 (5.0%) Rotherham - 5,000 (4.3%) Wakefield - 3,500 (4.4%)
North West	6,839,800	133,900	2.0%	Manchester - 23,500 (5.9% of the city's population) Rochdale - 16,000 (8.2%) Oldham - 14,000 (13.5%) Blackburn - 12,500 (11.9%) Nelson/Pendle - 12,000 (13.1%) Bolton - 7,000 (5.0%) Accrington/Hyndburn - 6,000 (7.3%) Bury - 6,000 (9.9%) Burnley - 5,000 (5.6%) Trafford - 3,000 (1.4%) Stockport - 3,000 (2.2%)
South East	8,184,600	71,300	0.9%	Slough - 15,000 (12.0% of the city's population) High Wycombe - 10,000 (8.5%) Aylesbury - 5,000 (8.3%)
East	5,563,000	50,800	0.9%	Luton - 17,500 (9.4%) Peterborough - 7,500 (4.6%) Watford - 4,000 (5.0%)
East Midlands	4,327,500	37,600	0.9%	Nottingham - 10,000 Derby - 9,000 Leicester - 5,000
Scotland	5,094,800	40,000	0.6%	Glasgow - 30,000 Edinburgh - 6,500 Dundee - 2,500
North East	2,549,700	17,900	0.7%	Middlesbrough & Stockton-on-Tees - 7,500 Newcastle Upon Tyne - 5,000
South West	5,086,700	14,400	0.3%	Bristol - 4,500
Wales	3,004,600	4,347	0.3%	Cardiff - 3,000
Northern Ireland	1,685,267	666	0.03%	Belfast is likely to be home to the vast majority

Notable communities

London

2007 estimates state that around 179,100 British Citizens of Pakistani origin live in the Boroughs of London (making up 2.4% of the population). The population is made up of Punjabis, Pathans, Urdu Speakers, Mirpuris and Sindhis. This mix makes the British Pakistani community of London the most diverse of any in the UK, since the population can trace their origins from all the various regions and cities of Pakistan. The largest presence is in the East London communities of Ilford, Walthamstow, Leyton and Barking, however Newham in East London continues to support the largest community. Other large communities can be found in Southall and Hounslow in West London and Tooting, Croydon and Streatham in South London. A considerable number of Pakistanis have set up their own businesses, often employing family members. Today a fifth of Pakistani Londoners are self-employed. Businesses such as grocery stores and newsagents are common, while others who arrived later in London work as taxi drivers or chauffeurs (especially from NWFP area in Pakistan). Well-known British Pakistanis from London include Anwar Pervez, whose Earl's Court grocery store expanded into the Bestway chain with a turnover of £2 billion and the playwright and author Hanif Kureishi.

Birmingham

Birmingham has one of the largest Pakistani expat communities in the World (113,000 Pakistanis made up 11.2% of the city's population in 2007). Most can trace their origins to Azad Kashmir and Punjab.

Bradford

Bradford is famous for its large Pakistani population and is often dubbed Bradistan by both Pakistani Britons and the British themselves. In 2001, riots escalated between the city's majority white population and the ethnic visible minorities (mainly Pakistani), and were called the Bradford Riots. The riot was estimated to have involved 1,000 youths. More than 300 police officers were hurt during the riot. There were 297 arrests in total; 187 people were charged with riot, 45 with violent disorder and 200 jail sentences totalling 604 years were handed down. In 2007, an estimated 80,000 Pakistanis resided in Bradford representing 16.1% of the city's population.

Glasgow

The majority of Pakistanis living in Scotland reside in Glasgow (and the surrounding Greater Glasgow area). With an estimated 30,000 Pakistanis living in Glasgow, there are large Pakistani communities throughout the city, notably in the South and West sides with a noticeable presence of Pakistani owned businesses there. The majority have origins from the central Punjab part of Pakistan, around Faisalabad.

A survey by the University of Glasgow found that Scottish Pakistanis feel more patriotic than English people. The survey also revealed Scottish Pakistanis preferred political party to be the SNP.

Manchester

The largest visible minority in Manchester are Pakistanis (Majority of Azad Kashmir and Punjabi origin) which make up 6.1% of the total population (some 28,100 people in 2007). Sizeable Pakistani populations are also to be found in the neighbouring districts of Oldham and Rochdale. Significantly, one in eight of all Pakistanis reside in Greater Manchester. This cultural diversity is expected to increase over time, given existing trends.

With greater affluence, a recent trend has seen the some of the Pakistani community move out of the inner city into more spacious suburbs. In South Manchester this means that they have been moving from Longsight/Levenshulme to more suburban areas such as Cheadle, Chorlton and Heaton Mersey. Due to some of these suburbs having high house prices, the Pakistanis who live there tend to be of later generation with successful/professional careers or those who have saved money for many years. The inner city areas that are being left are generally filled with newer immigrants from places like Iran, Afghanistan and Poland.

Assimilating into British society

Kashmiris

Around half of the British Pakistanis living in Britain can trace their origins to Mirpur in Azad Kashmir, which was the site of the Mangla Dam, which was built in the 1960s and flooded the surrounding farmland. Mirpur is a conservative district, even by Pakistani standards and rural life here has not changed much over the years. Families are not only a source of rigid hierarchies, but also the guiding influence behind everything from marriage to business. This has clashed with British values, in which people tend to be more independent and liberal. As a result, some Pakistanis live in secluded areas, and thus the rise of ghettos in those communities. New research shows that the population of these mostly inner city communities has been rising very fast, a sure way to avoid cross-cultural contact. It seems to be the route taken by some people of Pakistani origin. There are statistics which suggest that of all communities, Mirpuri Pakistanis live in the most segregated areas of Britain, and their children attend the most segregated schools. The British government has dedicated itself to integrating immigrants, providing some kind of shared identity which Pakistanis could learn to accept. One plan includes the busing of Pakistani background students to "white schools" in an attempt to bridge the divide between the British public and Pakistanis.

Most Kashmiri people are proud of their heritage. Many have named their businesses after the Pakistani area, a most notable example is Kashmir Crown Bakeries which is a food making business based in Bradford. The company is a major local employer and is the largest Asian Food Manufacturer in Europe. The owner of Kashmir Crown Bakeries, Mohammed Saleem, says that combining traditional Kashmiri Baking methods with vocational British training has made his Bakery a multi-million pound business.

Punjabis

British Punjabis of Pakistani origin make up a third of the British Pakistani population. People who came from the Punjab area of Pakistan (Punjabis) have integrated much more easily into British society due to the Punjabis more Liberal culture. British Punjabis tend to reside more in the South of the England, while people of Kashmiri origin are more commonly found in the West Midlands and North of England.

James Caan and Amir Khan are notable examples of successful Punjabi Pakistanis.

Culture

British Pakistanis come together to celebrate Pakistan's Independence Day on 14 August of each year. Together with the Pakistan Consulate in London, and other embassies within the country its mission is to project Pakistan in its true colour as a dynamic, moderate and peaceful country. The events usually occur in large Pakistani populated areas of various cities in the United Kingdom, most primarily on Green Street in Newham, London and the Curry mile in Manchester. The colourful celebrations last all day with various festivals. Pakistani Muslims from the community also mark the Islamic Festivals of Eid ul Adha and Eid ul Fitr. Several young British Pakistanis rent high value German cars on Eid. These expensive cars are driven around thoroughfares such as the Curry mile in Manchester and Great Horton Road in Bradford, often displaying Pakistani window flags.

Cuisine

British Pakistanis often consume traditional Pakistani food at home. Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with an influence of Persian, Turkish and Middle Eastern flavours. Chapattis, dhal, samosas and tikkas are an integral part of many Pakistani restaurant menus in the UK. Kashmiri and Punjabi cuisine is also well represented in Britain, reflecting the backgrounds of many British Pakistanis. Balti (meaning bucket) is a Pakistani dish that was introduced in Birmingham by the Kashmiri community in the 1980s, it is now considered to be a popular and favourite dish in the UK. Pakistani cuisine has had a major impact on British culture.

In addition to this, many British Pakistanis run takeaways and restaurants. Pakistanis are well represented in the British food industry, as "Indian restaurants" in the North of England are almost entirely Pakistani owned.

Mumtaz is the most famous Pakistani restaurant in the UK. Its flagship store is in Bradford, where famous diners have included the Prime Minister David Cameron and Queen Elizabeth II.

Sport

Cricket was first documented as being played in southern England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas, Pakistan being a well known country for the sport. Sajid Mahmood, Adil Rashid and Ajmal Shahzad currently play cricket for England. There are several other British Pakistanis who play cricket for smaller county teams.

Adam Khan is Racing driver from Bridlington, Yorkshire. He represents Pakistan in the A1 Grand Prix series. Khan is currently the demonstration driver for the Renault F1 racing team.

Ikram Butt was the first South Asian to play code of international rugby for England in 1995. He is founder of the British Asian Rugby Association and the British Pakistani rugby league team.

Amir Khan is possibly the most famous British Pakistani sportsman. He is a lightweight Boxer and 2004 Olympics Silver Medalist.

Contemporary issues

Allegations of extremism

Central Intelligence Agency and MI5 currently believe that a British-born Pakistani extremist entering the US under the Visa Waiver Program is the most likely source of another terrorist attack on American soil. Gareth Price, head of the Asia Program at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London stated that British Pakistanis are more likely to be radicalized as compared to other Muslim communities in Britain.

In response to these issues the government has launched a "prevent strategy" which aims to stop radicalisation within British Pakistani communities, it is particularly targeted towards individuals from the Kashmir area of Pakistan. The initiative has given grants and financial support to community projects. £53m has been spent on the strategy between 2007–2010.

Discrimination

British Pakistanis are 8 times more likely to be victims of a racist attack than white individuals. The chances of a Pakistani being racially attacked in a year is more than 4% - the highest rate in the country, along with British Bangladeshis. Though, this has come down from 8% a year in 1996. The sensitive term "Paki" is often used to describe Pakistanis and Asians living in Britain, but there have been attempts by the youngest generation of British Pakistanis to reclaim the word and use it in a non-offensive way to refer to themselves.

Education

Pakistani Pupils are the largest ethnic minority group in primary and secondary schools. 98.8% of Pakistani Pupils are Muslim, 0.6% are Sikh, 0.3% are Christian and 0.3% have no religion.

GCSEs

British Pakistani students achieve below national GCSE pass rates. However, the British Pakistani GCSE pass rate has steadily increased since 1999, bridging the gap towards the UK national average, year by year. In addition, the British Pakistani GCSE pass rate fails to distinguish between the differences in achievement around the country, since Pakistani pupils have greater regional fluctuations than others. This is a result of differences in material circumstances, social class and migration histories between the different communities of British Pakistanis.

Already in 2004, Pakistani pupils from London were achieving above the regional and UK national averages. 50.2% of Pakistani boys and 63.3% of Pakistani girls from London achieved five or more A*-C grades. Compared to the national averages of 46.8% and 57%, for boys and girls, respectively.

By 2008, 58.2% of British Pakistani students had passed 5 or more GCSE's, showing an improvement of almost 10%, between 2005 & 2008.

As of 2009, 13% of Pakistanis achieved an A grade in GCSE Maths and 9% did so in GCSE English.

GCSE Pass Rates (5 A*-Cs) by region

Latest figures available, pertaining to British Pakistanis, by local authority, dated: year 2004.

Source:

GCSE Pass Rates (5 A*-Cs) by year

A-Levels

UCAS points achieved as of 2004 (on average by gender and combined):

University-level

British Pakistani pupils are 1.7% of the 18 year old's in the country, but they make up 2.4% of the first year students at University. Regions of predominantly non-Kashmiri settlement, such as Greater London and the South East are sources of greater university applications. University applicants are over represented by 7.5% from Greater London and by 4.6% from the South East. Where as, they are under represented by 4.9% from West Midlands, by 4.4% from the East of England and by 4.3% from Yorkshire and Humber. Whilst from other regions, there is a slight over representation by between 0.2% to 0.6%. 33% of British Pakistani boys choose to continue their studies to the university level. This rate is the third highest rate in the country after Chinese and Indian boys and is higher than the rate for White British boys (23%), Black African boys (30%), Bangladeshi boys (29%), Black Caribbean boys (16%) and those falling into the other black category (20%).

Urdu

Urdu has recently been made available to study at GCSE and A level standards. It is mostly targeted towards young British Pakistanis because many already speak Urdu at home. Several British universities are hoping to offer degrees in Urdu in the future, these degrees would be open established Urdu speakers as well as beginners.

Economics

British Pakistanis contribute £31 billion to the UK GDP.

Pakistanis in Britain are more disadvantaged than Indians. Weak economies of Northern Mill towns have limited entrepreneurial success. Whilst a sluggish housing market has restricted movement. Lower class resources and inner-city living have hampered social mobility. The existence of a North- South divide leaves Pakistanis in the North of England economically depressed, although there is a small concentration of wealthy Northerners living in the suburbs of Greater Manchester, as certain individuals have taken advantage of the opportunities that arise from living in the UK's Second City.

Location in Britain has had a great impact on the success of British Pakistanis. Those based in large cities such as Manchester or London are successfully making the transition into professional middle class, where as, those based in the peripheral towns are struggling. This is due to the fact that whilst Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow & Oxford have provided an encouraging environment for Pakistani entrepreneurs. Other towns in Lancashire and Yorkshire, have provided far fewer opportunities. Most of the initial funds for entrepreneurial activities were collected by working as factory workers. Further helped by working in the food and clothing industries, money saved by wives of migrants and interest free loans between fellow migrants. British Pakistanis quickly began dominating the ethnic & halal food businesses, "Indian" restaurants, Asian fabric shops and travel agencies. Many also began manufacturing and wholesaling clothes due to the availability of cheap family labour. The multi-million pound Joe Bloggs has such origins. Dominance in the clothing market, was affected by imports from South East Asia, however it didn't manage to stop many families in Manchester, Birmingham and Leicester from prospering.

In the housing rental market, rooms were first rented out to incoming migrants, later, as these rentees were in a position to buy their own homes, non-Asian university students became the main customers. By the year 2000, Pakistanis had established low-cost rental properties throughout England, apart from the most economically depressed towns in the North.

Many have invested in properties in Pakistan as well. Purchasing houses, in the cities, next to their villages and sometimes even being able to buy property in the most expensive cities, such as Islamabad and Lahore. Upon reaching retirement age, many migrant Pakistanis, handed over their houses in Britain to their offspring and settled in the homes previously invested in, in Pakistan, where the value of the British state pension multiplies significantly. Investing in Pakistan, nonetheless, limited success in Britain, due to lack of financial returns. Where as, other migrant groups, such as the Indian refugees from East Africa, benefited from investing only in Britain, which was helped by their lack of cultural links to India.

There are more than 100 multi-millionaire British Pakistanis in the UK.

Poverty

Statistics from the 2001 census show that Pakistani communities in England, particularly in the North and the Midlands, are severely affected by poverty, unemployment and social exclusion, and that they are much less likely than the majority of the population to be employed in managerial and professional occupations. Figures collected by the DfES show that almost 40 per cent of Pakistani students in secondary schools are eligible for free school meals, compared with a national average of about 15 per cent.

A study by Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2007 found that Pakistani Britons have the second highest relative poverty rates in Britain, second only to Bangladeshis. Their study found the following:

Employment

As of 2001, around 3,500 British Pakistanis were in the highest ranking business and professional occupations, compared to 1,000 Bangladeshis and 10,000 Indians. Keeping in mind the lower class resources of Kashmiris, the rates of entry of non-Kashmiri Pakistanis, into managerial or professional occupations, turns out to be similar to that of British Indians.

Research by the Office for National Statistics shows that British Pakistanis are far more likely to be self-employed than any other ethnic group. Pakistani men are most likely to work in the transport and logistics industry, most British Pakistanis in this sector are employed as cab drivers and taxi drivers.

Pakistani women have the highest unemployment rates in Great Britain, at 20 per cent (75 per cent economic inactivity). Those who do work are most likely to be employed as sewing machinists in the textiles industry.

There are some British Pakistanis who hold positions in big financial institutions or serve as Doctors, Lawyers and Academics. The majority of these individuals are based in London and the South-East of England.

Social class

As of January 2005, 34% of British Pakistanis are classified as being part of the Middle or Upper Classes. The majority of British Pakistanis are considered to be working class.

Media

Cinema

The British film industry is gradually beginning to portray more Pakistanis in its movies. Notable films which depict British Pakistanis include the BAFTA award winning film My Beautiful Laundrette and the popular East is East.

The Infidel was a film launched in April 2010. It looked at a British Pakistani family living in the North of England. The Infidel showed several religious issues and identity crisis' facing a young member of the family.

The film Four Lions also looked at issues of religion and extremism. It too followed British Pakistanis living in the North of England.

Indian Bollywood is also regularly shown at cinemas, it remains popular with many British Pakistanis.

The sequel follow up to East is East is currently being filmed, it is due to be released in late 2010.

Television

In April 2007 the BBC produced a series of documentaries called "Pakistani, actually", the series offered an insight into the lives of Pakistanis living in Britain and some of the issues the community face.

The executive producer of the series said:

These documentaries provide just a snapshot of contemporary life among British Pakistanis - a community who are often misunderstood, neglected or stereotyped.

The Pakistani channels of ARY Digital and GEO TV are available to watch on subscription.

Mishal Husain is newsreader and presenter for the BBC.

Radio

The BBC Asian Network is a radio station available across the entire United Kingdom which is aimed at Britons of South Asian origin under 35 years of age, apart from this popular station there are many other national radio stations for or run by the British Pakistani community - including Sunrise and Kismat Radios of London. Regional British Pakistani stations include Asian Sound of Manchester, Radio XL of Birmingham and Sunrise Radio Yorkshire based in Bradford. These radio stations generally run programmes in both English and Urdu, so appeal to a variety of age groups.

Print

The Pakistani newspaper the Daily Jang is the largest Urdu language newspaper in the world and is sold at several newsagents and grocery stores across the UK. It has also recently become available at some of the UK's national supermarkets such as Asda (only in areas where there are high Pakistani populations).

The Pakistani newspaper group the Daily Mashriq has also recently launched a free English only version of its newspaper, known as The Britannia. This features news of both the UK and Pakistan, designed to appeal to British Pakistanis.

Some more established and more popular newspapers include the Asian News (by Trinity Mirror) and the Eastern Eye. These are free weekly newspapers aimed at all British Asians.

Pakistani participation in mainstream British newspapers is more rare. But, Sarfraz Manzoor is a regular columist for The Guardian, one of the largest and most popular newspaper groups in the UK.

Politics

British Pakistanis make up a sizable proportion of British voters and votes from the community are known to make a difference in an election (both local and national).

As of 2007, 257 British Pakistanis were serving as elected councillors or mayors in Britain. There are also four British Pakistani MPs in the House of Commons including two ministers. Furthermore, Pakistanis are much more active in the voting process, with 67% voting in the last general elections of 2005, compared to the figure of just over 60% for the whole country.

The Conservative party and the Labour party make up the two main political parties in Britain. There are increasing numbers of British Pakistanis getting involved with these two parties:

Labour party

The Labour party has traditionally been the natural choice for many British Pakistanis, with 86% of Pakistanis voting for Labour in some areas. But this level of support has fallen in recent times because of Labour's decision to go to war with Iraq.

Influential Pakistani politicians within the Labour Party include Shahid Malik and Lord Nazir Ahmed. Sadiq Khan became the first Muslim cabinet minister in June 2009 after being invited to the post by the former Prime Minister Gordon Brown.

Following the 2010 General Elections two women of Pakistani origin have been declared winners in the British election. Yasmin Qureshi, a 47-year-old barrister, held on to the Labour seat of Bolton South East, She was contesting in place of Dr Brian Iddon, who has retired from politics. Shabana Mahmood of Labour, an Oxford-educated barrister, was declared winner in the Birmingham Ladywood constituency. The seat was previously held by the former international development secretary Clare Short.

Conservative party

The Conservative Party have become increasingly popular with many affluent British Pakistanis. David Cameron recently opened a new gym aimed at British Pakistanis in Bolton after being invited by Amir Khan. The Conservative party also made Lord Ahmed, a Kashmiri born politician, the first Pakistani peer in the UK. Multi-millionaire Sir Anwar Pervez, who claims to have been born Conservative, has donated large sums to the party, Sir Anwar's donations entitle him to become a member of the influential Conservative Leader's Group.

Sajjad Karim is a Member of the European Parliament. He represents North West England through the Conservative Party. In 2005 Karim became the founding Chairman of the European Parliament Friends of Pakistan Group. He is also a member of the Friends of India and Friends of Bangladesh groups.

Rehman Chishti became the new Conservative Party MP for Gillingham and Rainham. Beating the transport minister Paul Clark polling 21,264 votes to Clark's 12,944.

Shortly after becoming the Conservative party leader, David Cameron spent two days living with a British Pakistani family in Birmingham. Cameron said that the experience made him learn more about the challenges of cohesion and integration.

Sayeeda Warsi was promoted to Chairman of the Conservative Party by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom shortly after the UK General Election, 2010. Warsi was the shadow minister for community cohesion when the Conservatives were in opposition. She is the first Muslim woman to serve in a British cabinet.

Others

The Scottish National Party remains the preferred party for many Scottish Pakistanis.

Salma Yaqoob is leader of the left wing Respect party. The small party has seen success in areas such as Sparkbrook in Birmingham and Newham in London, where there are large Pakistani populations.

Qassim Afzal is the most senior Liberal Democrat politician of Pakistani origin. He has previously accompanied the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in meetings with Pakistan’s President, Asif Ali Zardari.

Awards and societies

British Pakistanis have many societies where different members of the community can come together. Notable societies include:

• University Societys
• Doctors and Medical professional associations
• The Pakistani Society

On August 14, 2009 (Pakistani independence day) the Jinnah Awards UK was launched. The Jinnah Awards ceremony was created as a prestigious annual gathering in the City of Bradford to recognise and celebrate British Pakistanis who have made significant positive contributions to all aspects of life in Britain.

Health and social issues

On average, British Pakistanis, male and female, claim to both have only one sexual partner. The average age of losing virginity is claimed to be 20 years for Pakistani males and 22 years for Pakistani females, thus giving an average of 21 years. 3.2% of Pakistani males reported to have been diagnosed with an STI, compared to 3.6% of Pakistani females. These statistics can be explained by the role of cultural norms, regarding issues such as multiple partners and the age of losing one's virginity. Resulting in substantially older age of first intercourse, lower number of partners and low STI rates.

Endogamy

A BBC report found that British Pakistanis, 55% of whom marry a first cousin, are 13 times more likely than the general population to produce children with genetic disorders, and that one in ten children of cousin marriages either dies in infancy or develops a serious disability. Thus Pakistani-Britons, who account for some 3% of all births in the UK, produce "just under a third" of all British children with genetic illnesses. A study published in 1988 in Journal of Medical Genetics found that the rate of consanguineous marriage was 55% and rising. Though this figure is still lower than the figure of 60% back in Pakistan. Where as, around the world, the figure is less than 29%.

Forced marriage

According to British Home Office more than half the cases of forced marriage investigated involve families of Pakistani origin followed by Bangladeshis and Indians. Also British Home Office estimates 85 per cent of victims of forced marriages are women, aged 15–24, 90 per cent are Muslim and 90 per cent are of Pakistani or Bangladeshi heritage. 60% of the cases involving forced marriages by Pakistani families are linked to the Kashmiri cities of Bhimber, Mirpur and Kotli.

Notable people

See also

Related groups

• British Asian
  • British Bangladeshi
  • British Indian

Related Pakistanis

• Pakistani community of London
• Pakistani diaspora

Other

• Pakistan – United Kingdom relations
• Islam in the United Kingdom

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External links

• BBC Radio Player Discussion on the dissatisfaction over the term Asian
• An outline of the immigration pattern of the Pakistani community in Britain An outline of Pakistani immigration to Britain
• British Pakistani Kashmiris info A look at Kashmiri migration to Britain
• A comparative study of multilingual Pakistanis in Amsterdam and Birmingham Research on Pakistani linguistics by the University of Warwick

Further reading

v t e Pakistani diaspora
Africa	Libya Somalia South Africa
Asia	South Afghanistan Punjabis Bangladesh India Baloch Pashtuns Sindhis Sri Lanka Pashtuns Sindhis Gulf Bahrain Iran Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Baloch Yemen Far East China Hong Kong Japan South Korea South East Burma Malaysia Jawi Peranakan Punjabis Singapore Thailand Middle East Jordan Israel Lebanon Syria
Europe	Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Spain United Kingdom London Mirpuris Punjabis Pashtuns Sindhis
Americas	Brazil Canada United States Houston Baloch Pashtuns Punjabis Punjabi Mexicans Sindhis
Oceania	Australia Pashtuns Punjabis Hazaras Sindhis New Zealand Punjabis
See also	Sub-diasporas Baloch Gujarati Hazara Azad Kashmiri Kashmiri Pashtun Punjabi Saraiki Sindhi Related articles Anti-Pakistan sentiment Foreign relations Diplomatic missions Immigration to Pakistan Little Pakistan Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Pakistani nationality law Pakistani passport Pakistani students Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens

• Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
• British people of Pakistani descent
• People of Pakistani descent
• British people of Asian descent
• Pakistani diaspora in the United Kingdom