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Present information regarding governmental recognition of traditional monarchs in Indonesia is inadequate. In some instances below, pre-colonial polities have been officially restored, and the royal titles of their leaders have been nominally confirmed. In other cases, the government has refused to revive local monarchies that were previously abolished during the earliest years of the republic. Despite the historical suppression of these dynasties, a large number have retained their culture, identity, and their status within their own communities. Royal titles are still widely used, bestowed in formal enthronement ceremonies conducted without formal recognition from Jakarta. In recent years, the number of monarchies receiving recognition has steadily increased. However, because it remains unclear as to which monarchies have not yet been recognised, all extant Indonesian dynasties have been listed here. One notable exception is the Sultan of Yogyakarta, who is listed with constituent monarchs, due to the constitutional nature of his title.
Recognised by the government of Indonesia on 29 November 2008.
An Atoni dynasty. Maternally, members of the royal family also belong to the Nitbani and Asbanu clans.
The royal family of Amarasi was originally an Atoni dynasty. However, the current lineage is descended from the Dj'awa dynasty of Savu.
Known within his community as "Olis", or "Ulis".
Kupang, named after its capital, was formed as a confederation of Timorese fiefdoms: Amabi, Funai, Sonbai Kecil, Taebenu, and the Helong. Leopold Isu Nisnoni is presently the chief of Sonbai Kecil, and has also been accepted as regent of the confederacy. He has not, however, been officially installed as king. The other current chiefs are: Gideon Broery of Amabi, and Esthon Leyloh of Funai (also spelled Foenay). The present chief of the Helong nation is Soleman Bislissin. They are all hereditary positions.
While the elected loros do not belong to any one royal lineage, succession has historically been limited to the Bunak people.
Lamaknen was formed as a confederation of small Timorese fiefdoms. Its monarch is elected by the hereditary chiefs of each constituent state. The chiefs themselves are not normally considered candidates for election.
Originally subordinate to the Sonbai kingdom under the name of Amakono.
Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 6 April 1980; he was formally enthroned later in May. His title was recognised by the government on 29 November 2008.
Also commonly written as Bakkara.
Also known by his birth name, Tonggo Tua Sinambela. It is unclear whether or not he has been officially recognised, or even installed.
The present sultan, born in 1997, is a minor. His grand uncle, the Raja Muda Tengku Hamdi Osman, currently acts as regent.
The Pagaruyung kingdom was traditionally headed by a tripartite monarchy, consisting of the Raja Alam, the Raja Adat and the Raja Ibadat, collectively known as the "Kings of the Three Seats". The latter two were religious titles, while the first was considered the paramount ruler (or emperor) of the temporal world.
Muhammad Ismetullah was officially recognised as Head of the Royal House of Banten when the sultanate was revived in 1985. He was recognised as crown prince in 2003, but has yet to be formally enthroned as sultan.
^ A branch of the Cirebon dynasty. In 1662, the sultanate of Cirebon was divided between three branches of the ruling dynasty: (in order of seniority) Kasepuhan, Kanoman, and Kacirebonan. All three lines were nominally restored in 2002.
Following the death of the previous sultan, Muhammad Djalaluddin, a dispute of succession arose between two of his sons. Muhammad Emiruddin, the current occupant of the palace, is the rightful heir to his father according to the relevant laws of succession. He was actively opposed by his elder half-brother, Muhammad Saladin, who was "installed" by his supporters on 5 March 2003. He later renounced his claim on 12 September 2003, and the local government has recognised Emiruddin as the sole successor.
Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura was officially revived as a traditional polity in 1999. Muhammad Salehuddin II has been officially recognised as sultan by the government since that time, although he has been head of the royal family since 29 August 1991. His formal coronation took place 22 September 2001.
Also known as the Alkadrie, Kadriah, or Kadariah dynasty.
Muhammad Tarhan succeeded as head of the royal family following the death of his father in 2008. Like his father, however, he has not been formally installed as sultan, and instead presently acts as prince regent. He is also a minor, born in 1993.
The last sultan, Gahral Adyan Syah, died September 2009. His successor has yet to be installed.
The sultan is selected from amongst a group of royal candidates by a council of the family's four main branches: Iskandar Alam, Tarafannur, Kamarullah, and Tunggulawang, each of which is descended from a past sultan. Since 1797, the sultans have been exclusively of the Kamarullah branch.
The royal family of Fatagar is descended from the neigbouring dynasty of Rumbati.
The last Raja of Patipi, Usman Iba, died in 2003. His brother, Ahmad Iba, currently serves as regent pending the enthronement of the late raja's son, the Raja Muda Atarai Iba.
A sept of the Koesman Ibia clan, which descends from the Segera tribe.
Salawati was one of four vassal kingdoms in the Raja Ampat Islands, created by the Sultan of Tidore. The others were Misool, Waigama and Waigeu.
The present tomundo, born in 1993, is a minor, and currently reigns alongside a regent.
The throne of the Arung of Barru has officially been vacant for over fifty years. Since then, the head of the royal family is Hasanuddin Petta Tawang, who currently acts as regent.
Also written as Butung, or in Dutch as Boeton.
The deposed monarchy of Gowa, also known after its capital Makassar, was nominally restored by the government in 2001. The throne of the Somba has been vacant since then. The current head of the royal family (since 1978), and heir to the throne, is Andi Kumala Karaeng Sila.
The throne of the Mokole of Mori is currently vacant. The present head of the royal family is Kumampu Marunduh. There are reportedly plans to install a young prince as mokole in the near future.
^ The rajas of Denpasar and Pamecutan, two dynastical divisions of the formerly unified kingdom of Badung, both use the hereditary regnal name "Pemecutan". Ngurah Jambe of Denpasar is formally referred to as Pemecutan IX, while Ngurah Manik of Pamecutan is known as Pemecutan XI. The numerical appendages are not interconnected.
^ A branch of the Badung dynasty.
Sovereignty in Barnusa was historically divided between two ruling clans: the Baso and the Blegur, the leaders of which both wore the title Raja of Barnusa. The Blegur raja was later given the lesser title Kapitan by the Dutch colonial government. The title remains hereditary and prestige is traditionally divided equally. The current Kapitan is Bastian C. Blegur (since 1973).
Pending his formal coronation as Sultan Bima XV, Iskandar Zulkarnain wears the title of crown prince. Currently acting as princess regent (since May 2001) is his aunt, Siti Maryam Salahuddin.
Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 3 May 2001. He was invested with the title of heir apparent later in June, but has not yet been formally enthroned as sultan.
A sept of the Taruwamang clan.
The current dynasty is descended from the royal family of Terengganu, and are of mixed Malay and Bugis descent. Historically, the sultan's family, who were Malay, was based in Lingga, whilst a viceroy, who was always of Bugis descent, governed the Riau Islands. The two ruling lines merged in 1899.
Mohammed Ikhsani Shafiuddin was officially installed as Panembahan Sri Kusuma Negara V in 2005. Prior to that, he had held the title in pretence, and his succession to the title had been officially recognised by the Indonesian government on 17 September 2003.
Lodewijk was elected as Raja of Soya on 24 May 2005. He was officially installed later, in December of the same year.
Also commonly known as Solo.
Upon the death of Pakubuwono XII in 2004, with no successor named, there arose two rival claims to the throne. Two of his sons, Hangabehi and Tejowulan, each had themselves "crowned" as the next Susuhunan. The dispute likely still exists, although family consensus apparently favours the elder brother, Hangabehi. In either case, both claimants would use the regnal name of Pakubuwono XIII.
Since 1380, the rulers of Ternate have also held the title Kolano Maloko, which denotes supremacy among the Moluccan sultanates. Prior to then it had been worn by the ruler of Jailolo.
Mudaffar Syah was officially installed as sultan in 1986. Prior to that, he had held the title in pretence as head of his household since 4 July 1975.
Pak Putra is the eldest son of Tjokorda Gde Agung Sukawati, the previous head of the royal family and the last recognised king of Ubud. He succeeded as head of the family on 20 July 1978, following the death of his father. He has not yet been installed as king, however, and instead presently serves as prince regent.
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Notes
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References
"Indonesia". Almanach de Bruxelles. January 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
"Amanatun". Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor. Tick, Donald P. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
Indonesia