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Myopathy
Specialty	Rheumatology

In medicine, a myopathy is a muscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. "Myopathy" simply means muscle disease (myo- Greek μυο "muscle" + pathos -pathy Greek "suffering"). This meaning implies that the primary defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves ("neuropathies" or "neurogenic" disorders) or elsewhere (e.g., the brain etc.). Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm can also be associated with myopathy.

Muscular disease can be classified as neuromuscular or musculoskeletal in nature.

Some conditions, such as myositis, can be considered both neuromuscular and musculoskeletal.

Classes

Because myopathy is such a general term, there are several classes of myopathy.... (ICD-10 codes are provided where available.)

Congenital

• (G71.0) Dystrophies (or muscular dystrophies) are a subgroup of myopathies characterized by muscle degeneration and regeneration. Clinically, muscular dystrophies are typically progressive, because the muscles' ability to regenerate is eventually lost, leading to progressive weakness, often leading to use of a wheelchair, and eventually death, usually related to respiratory weakness.
• (G71.1) Myotonia
  • Neuromyotonia
• (G71.2) The congenital myopathies do not show evidence for either a progressive dystrophic process (i.e., muscle death) or inflammation, but instead characteristic microscopic changes are seen in association with reduced contractile ability of the muscles. Among others, different congenital myopathies include:
  • (G71.2) nemaline myopathy (characterized by presence of "nemaline rods" in the muscle),
  • (G71.2) multi/minicore myopathy (characterized by multiple small "cores" or areas of disruption in the muscle fibers),
  • (G71.2) centronuclear myopathy (or myotubular myopathy) (in which the nuclei are abnormally found in the center of the muscle fibers) is a rare muscle wasting disorder.
• (G71.3) Mitochondrial myopathies are due to defects in mitochondria, which provide a critical source of energy for muscle.
• (G72.3) Familial periodic paralysis
• (G72.4) Inflammatory myopathies are caused by problems with the immune system attacking components of the muscle, leading to signs of inflammation in the muscle.
• (G73.6) Metabolic myopathies result from defects in biochemical metabolism that primarily affect muscle
  • (G73.6/E74.0) Glycogen storage diseases may affect muscle
  • (G73.6/E75) Lipid storage disorder

Acquired

• (M33.0-M33.1)
  • Dermatomyositis is the same as polymyositis, but also shows skin changes - a violaceous periorbital rash, facial erythema, blue or red patches on the knuckles, ragged nail folds and dilated nail capillaries. (M33.2)
  • polymyositis which has tender, weak muscles, a mild normocytic anaemia, raised creatine kinase and inflammatory markers and shows short polyphasic action potentials on EMG. It is treated by immunosuppressants like corticosteroids or azathioprine.
  • inclusion body myositis, and related myopathies
• (M61) Myositis ossificans
• (M62.89) Rhabdomyolysis and (R82.1) myoglobinurias
• Alcoholic myopathy, can result due to the long-term effects of alcohol abuse. Impaired IGF-1 signaling is one mechanism which is believed to be involved.
• Can be caused by STATINS| Citation:BMJ 2010;340:c2197

Glucocorticoid induced myopathy: Glucocorticoids whether is endogenous as seen in Cushing's syndrome or exogenously during prolonged glucocorticoid therapy with drugs such as hydrocortrisone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone or dexamethsone cause proximal myopathy. Fluorinated glucocorticois (triamcinolone and prednisone) are more likely to induce myopathy. glucocorticoids affect fast twitch muscle fibers, a group of muscle with the ability of short term anaerobic function. Glucocrticoids affect both synthesis and degradation of muscle fibers. In rats fast twitch type II are affected the most. the degradation is due to increase catabolism of myofibrilar content of the muscle. Glucocorticoids mediate their catabolic effect through expression of myostatin(1). Myostatin is a member of growth and diferentiation family of proteins. Glucocorticoids increases both mRNA and protein expression of myostatin dose dependently. After expression of myostatin by glucocorticoids in the muscle cells(myocytes),it acts both by endocrine (secretion from myocytes to the blood) and paracrine( secrete from myocytes localy and acts on itself) mechanism. Myostatin in turn activates a set of factors in the muscle leading to activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, leading the decline in myosin heavy chain type II. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the protein degradation machinery inside of the cells, and consequently degradation of muscle ensues. In fact knckout mouse with deletion of myostatin gene do not develop glucocorticoid myopathy(2) Manifestation of glucocorticoid myopathy are muscle weakness, dificulty to stand up without use of hands and dificulty combing hairs. After prolonged period of exposure to glucocorticoids ( endogenous or exogenous) severe muscle weakness develops. Histologically angulation of muscle fibers, Muscle fibers atrophy, and in prolonged cases replacement of muscle fiber by fat can be seen. Absence of inflammatory cells in presence of muscle atrophy is the hallmark of the condtion. There is limited therapeutic trial on drugs that could counteract the effect of glucocorticoids on muscle. Exercise, IGF1, testosterone and glutamine (3) has been shown in animal to decrease the deleterious effect of glucocorticoids, but no randomised trial so far has been done in humans.

1)Ma K, Mallidis C, Bhasin S, Mahabadi V, Artaza J, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Arias J, Salehian B.Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with upregulation of myostatin gene expression.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;285(2):E363-71. Epub 2003 Apr 29. 2)Gilson H, Schakman O, Combaret L, Lause P, Grobet L, Attaix D, Ketelslegers JM, Thissen JP. Myostatin gene deletion prevents glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.Endocrinology. 2007 Jan;148(1):452-60. Epub 2006 Oct 12 3)Salehian B, Mahabadi V, Bilas J, Taylor WE, Ma K. The effect of glutamine on prevention of glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with myostatin suppression. Metabolism. 2006 Sep;55(9):1239-47.

Symptoms

• Common muscle (R25.2) cramps and (M25.6) stiffness, and (R29.0) tetany

Treatments

Because different types of myopathies are caused by many different pathways, there is no single treatment for myopathy. Treatments range from treatment of the symptoms to very specific cause-targeting treatments. Drug therapy, physical therapy, bracing for support, surgery, massage, and even acupuncture are current treatments for a variety of myopathies.

References

1. "Myopathy - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary".
2. Ronis, MJ.; Wands, JR.; Badger, TM.; de la Monte, SM.; Lang, CH.; Calissendorff, J. (2007). "Alcohol-induced disruption of endocrine signaling". Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 31 (8): 1269–85. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00436.x. PMID 17559547. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:Medical conditions

• Disorders of muscles