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Shirley Temple
Temple in 1944
Born	Shirley Jane Temple (1928-04-23) April 23, 1928 (age 96) Santa Monica, California United States
Nationality	American
Other names	Shirley Temple Black
Education	Tutors; Private high school
Alma mater	Westlake School for Girls (1940–1945)
Occupation(s)	Film actress (1932-1950) Television actress/entertainer (1958-1965) Public servant (1969-1992) Autobiographer (1988)
Years active	1932-1950 (film actress)
Known for	Juvenile film roles
Notable work	Bright Eyes; The Little Colonel; Curly Top; Wee Willie Winkie; Heidi; The Little Princess; Since You Went Away; The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer; Fort Apache; Shirley Temple's Storybook; Child Star; et. al.
Television	Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958–1958); The Shirley Temple Show (1960–1961)
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	John Agar (1945–1950, divorce) Charles Alden Black (1950–2005, his death)
Awards	Academy Award Kennedy Center Honors Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award
Website	http://www.shirleytemple.com

Shirley Jane Temple (born April 23, 1928) is an American film and television actress, singer, dancer, autobiographer, and former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Ghana and Czechoslovakia. She began her film career in 1932 at the age of three, and in 1934, skyrocketed to superstardom in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for her talents. She received a special Academy Award in February 1935, and film hits such as Curly Top and Heidi followed year after year during the mid to late 1930s. Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her wholesome image included dolls, dishes, and clothing. Her box office popularity waned as she reached adolescence, and she left the film industry at the age of 12 to attend high school. She appeared in a few films of varying quality in her mid to late teens, and retired completely from films in 1950 at the age of 21. She was the top box-office draw four years in a row (1935–38) in a Motion Picture Herald poll.

Temple returned to show business in 1958 with a two-season television anthology series of fairy tale adaptations. She made guest appearances on various television shows in the early 1960s and filmed a sitcom pilot that was never released. She sat on the boards of many corporations and organizations including The Walt Disney Company, Del Monte Foods, and the National Wildlife Federation. In 1967, she ran unsuccessfully for United States Congress, and was appointed United States Ambassador to Ghana in 1974 and to Czechoslovakia in 1989. In 1988, she published her autobiography, Child Star. Temple is the recipient of many awards and honors including Kennedy Center Honors and a Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award.

Early years and first films

Shirley Temple was born on April 23, 1928 in Santa Monica, California to George Francis Temple, a bank employee, and his wife Gertrude Amelia (Krieger) Temple, a housewife. The Temples were of German, Dutch, and English ancestry, and the parents of 12-year-old John Stanley and 8-year-old George Francis, Jr. at the time of Shirley's birth. Mrs. Temple encouraged her daughter's singing, dancing, and acting talents, and in September 1931 enrolled her in Meglin's Dance School in Los Angeles, California. About this time, she began styling Shirley's hair in ringlets similar to those of silent film star Mary Pickford.

In January 1932, Temple was signed by Educational Pictures following a talent search at the dance school. She appeared in a series of one-reelers called Baby Burlesks, and a series of two-reelers called Frolics of Youth playing Mary Lou Rogers, a youngster in a contemporary suburban family. To underwrite production costs at Educational, Temple and her child co-stars modelled for breakfast cereals and other products. She was loaned to Tower Productions for a small role in her first feature film Red-Haired Alibi in 1932, and, in 1933, to Universal, Paramount, and Warner Bros. for various bit parts.

Fox films

Educational declared bankruptcy in 1933 and Temple signed with Fox Films in February 1934. She appeared in bit parts and was loaned to Paramount and Warner Bros. for bit parts. In April 1934, Stand Up and Cheer! became Temple's breakthrough film. Her charm was evident to Fox heads and she was promoted well before the film's release. Within months, she became the symbol of wholesome family entertainment. Her salary was raised to $1,250 a week, and her mother's to $150 as coach and hairdresser. In June, her success continued with a loan-out to Paramount for Little Miss Marker.

On December 28, 1934, Bright Eyes was released – the first feature film crafted specifically for Shirley's talents and the first in which her name was raised above the title. Her signature song On the Good Ship Lollipop was introduced in the film and sold 500,000 sheet music copies. The film demonstrated her ability to portray a multi-dimensional character and established a formula for her future roles as a lovable, parentless waif whose charm and sweetness mellows gruff older men. In February 1935, Temple received a special miniature Oscar statuette in recognition of her contributions to film entertainment in 1934. and added her foot and hand prints to the forecourt at Grauman's Chinese Theatre a month later.

Twentieth Century-Fox

1934

When Fox Films merged with Twentieth Century Pictures to become Twentieth Century-Fox in 1934, producer and studio head Darryl F. Zanuck focused his attention and resources upon cultivating Temple's superstar status. With four successful films behind her, Temple was the studio's greatest asset. Top priority at the studio became developing projects, vehicles, and stories for Temple, and, to that end, 19 writers known as the Shirley Temple Story Development team created 11 original stories and adaptations of the classics for the actress.

Analysis

Under the development team, Temple's films proposed a simple solution to the Great Depression's woes: open one's heart and give of oneself. Temple characters would melt the hearts of cold authority figures and would touch the lives of the grumpy, the wizened, the rich, the bratty, the miserly, and the criminal with positive results.

Temple films were seen as generating hope and optimism, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt said, "It is a splendid thing that for just a fifteen cents an American can go to a movie and look at the smiling face of a baby and forget his troubles."

Most Temple films were cheaply made at $200,000 or $300,000 per picture and were comedy-dramas with songs and dances added, sentimental and melodramatic situations aplenty, and little in the way of production values. Her film titles are a clue to the way she was marketed—Curly Top and Dimples, and her "little" pictures such as The Little Colonel and The Littlest Rebel. Temple often played a fixer-upper, a precocious Cupid, or the good fairy in these films, reuniting her estranged parents or smoothing out the wrinkles in the romances of young couples. She was very often motherless, sometimes fatherless, and sometimes an orphan confined to a dreary asylum. Elements of the traditional fairy tale were woven into her films: wholesome goodness triumphing over meanness and evil, for example, or wealth over poverty, marriage over divorce, or a booming economy over a depressed one. As Temple matured into a pre-adolescent, the formula was altered slightly to encourage her naturalness, naïveté, and tomboyishness to come forth and shine while her infant innocence, which had served her well at six but was inappropriate for her tweens, was toned down.

1935–1936

At Zanuck's request, Temple's parents agreed to four films a year from their daughter (rather than the three they wished), and the child star's contract was reworked with bonuses to sweeten the deal. A succession of films followed: The Little Colonel, Our Little Girl, Curly Top, and The Littlest Rebel in 1935. Curly Top and The Littlest Rebel were named to Variety's list of top box office draws for 1935. In 1936, Captain January, Poor Little Rich Girl, Dimples, and Stowaway were released.

1937

Based on Temple's many screen successes, Zanuck increased budgets and production values for her films. In 1937, John Ford was hired to direct the sepia-toned Wee Willie Winkie (Temple's own favorite) and a top-drawer cast was signed that included Victor McLaglen, C. Aubrey Smith, and Cesar Romero. The film was a critical and commercial hit, but British film critic Graham Greene muddied the waters in October 1937 when he wrote in a British magazine that Temple was a "complete totsy" and accused her of being too nubile for a nine-year-old:

Her admirers—middle-aged men and clergymen—respond to her dubious coquetry, to the sight of her well-shaped and desirable little body, packed with enormous vitality, only because the safety curtain of story and dialogue drops between their intelligence and their desire.

Temple and Twentieth Century-Fox sued for libel and won. The settlement remained in trust for Temple in England until she turned twenty-one, at which time it was used to build a youth center in England.

The only other Temple film released in 1937 was Heidi, a story suited to her maturing personality. Her blond hair had darkened to ash blond and the ringlets brushed back into soft curls. Her theatrical instincts had sharpened and she suggested the Dutch song and dance dream sequence and its placement within the film. After minor disagreements about the dance steps with the other children in the scene, director Allan Dwan had badges made with 'Shirley Temple Police' inscribed upon them. Every child was issued one after swearing allegiance and obedience to Temple.

1938–1939

In 1938, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Little Miss Broadway, and Just Around the Corner were released. The latter two were critically panned with Corner the first Temple film to falter at the box office. The following year, Zanuck secured the rights to the children's novel, A Little Princess, believing the book would be an ideal vehicle for Temple. He budgeted the film at $1.5 million (twice the amount of Corner) and chose it to be her first Technicolor feature. The Little Princess was a 1939 critical and commercial success with Temple's acting at its peak. Convinced Temple would make the transition from child star to teenage actress, Zanuck declined a substantial offer from MGM to star Temple as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz and cast her instead in the banal Susannah of the Mounties, her last money-maker for Twentieth Century-Fox. The film dropped Temple from number one box-office favorite in 1938 to number five in 1939.

1940

In 1940, Temple starred in two consecutive flops at Twentieth Century-Fox (The Blue Bird and Young People). It was obvious the child star's career was finished. Temple's parents bought up the remainder of her contract and sent her at the age of 12 to Westlake School for Girls, an exclusive and pricey country day school in Los Angeles. At the studio, Temple's bungalow was renovated, all traces of her tenure expunged, and the building reassigned as an office complex.

Last films and retirement

MGM

Within a year of her departure from Twentieth Century-Fox, MGM signed Temple for her comeback. Plans were made to team her with Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney for the Andy Hardy series, but her comeback film became Kathleen (1941), a story about an unhappy teenager, her busy, rich Dad, and her female psychologist. The film flopped and her MGM contract was cancelled after mutual consent.

Other studios

Miss Annie Rooney (1942, United Artists) followed, but it bombed. The actress retired for almost two years from films, throwing herself into school life and activities. In 1944, David O. Selznick signed Temple to a personal four-year contract. She appeared in two wartime hits for him: Since You Went Away and I'll Be Seeing You. Selznick however became involved with Jennifer Jones and lost interest in developing Temple's career. She was loaned to other studios with Kiss and Tell (1945, Columbia), The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947, RKO), and Fort Apache (1948, RKO) being the few good films among a string of duds.

Although her 1947–49 films did not lose money, most had a cheap B look about them and her performances were colorless and apathetic. Selznick suggested she move to Italy with his daughter, study the culture, gain maturity as an actress, and even change her name. He made it clear she had been detrimentally typecast in Hollywood and her career was in perilous straits. After auditioning (and being rejected) in August 1950 for the role of Peter Pan on the Broadway stage, Temple took stock, admitted her recent movies had been poor fare, and announced her official retirement from films on December 16, 1950—the same day she married Charles Alden Black.

Temple-related merchandise and endorsements

Many Temple-inspired products were manufactured and released during the 1930s. Ideal Toy and Novelty Company in New York City negotiated a license for dolls with the company's first doll wearing the polka-dot dress from Stand Up and Cheer!. Shirley Temple dolls realized $45 million in sales before 1941.

A mug, a pitcher, and a cereal bowl in cobalt blue with a decal of Temple were given away as a premium with Wheaties. Successfully-selling Temple items included a line of girls' dresses and accessories, soap, dishes, cutout books, sheet music, mirrors, paper tablets, and numerous other items. Before 1935 ended, Temple's income from licensed merchandise royalties would exceed $100,000, doubling her income from her movies. In 1936, her income would top $200,000 from royalties. She endorsed Postal Telegraph, Sperry Drifted Snow Flour, the Grunow Teledial radio, Quaker Puffed Wheat, General Electric, and Packard automobiles.

Marriages and children

First marriage: John Agar

In 1943, Temple met John George Agar (January 31, 1921, Chicago, Illinois – April 7, 2002 Burbank, California), an Army Air Corps sergeant, physical training instructor, and scion of a Chicago meat-packing family. Two years later on September 19, 1945, at 8:59 p.m., they were married before Pastor Willsie Martin and five hundred guests in a twelve-minute, double-ring Episcopal ceremony at Wilshire Methodist Church. Two and a half years later on January 30, 1948, Temple gave birth to a daughter, Linda Susan.

Divorce

Agar entered the acting profession and the couple made two films together: Fort Apache (1948, RKO) and Adventure in Baltimore (1949, RKO). In time, Agar became tired of being "Mr. Shirley Temple" and began drinking. Temple divorced Agar on the grounds of mental cruelty on December 5, 1949, and, in the process, received custody of their daughter and the restoration of her maiden name. The divorce was finalized one year later on December 5, 1950.

Second marriage: Charles Alden Black

While vacationing in Hawaii in January 1950, Temple met thirty-year-old WWII Naval hero and Assistant to the President of Hawaiian Pineapple, Charles Alden Black. Following a romance that lasted almost a year, Temple wed Black in his parents' Del Monte, California home on December 16, 1950, at 4:30 p.m. before Superior Court Judge Henry G. Jorgensen and a small assembly of family and friends. The family relocated to Washington, D.C. when Black was recalled to the Navy at the outbreak of the Korean War. Temple gave birth by Caesarean section to a son, Charles Alden Black, Jr., at the Bethesda Naval Hospital on April 28, 1952.

Following war's end and Black's discharge from the Navy, the family returned to California in May 1953. Black managed television station KABC-TV in Los Angeles, and Temple became a homemaker. Their daughter Lori was born at the Santa Monica Hospital on April 9, 1954. In September 1954, Black became director of business operations for the Stanford Research Institute and the family moved to Atherton, California.

The couple remained married until Charles Black died from myelodysplastic syndrome on August 4, 2005, at his home in Woodside, California, at the age of 86.

Television

Between January and December 1958 Temple hosted and narrated a successful NBC television anthology series of fairy tale adaptations called Shirley Temple's Storybook. Temple acted in three of the sixteen hour-long episodes and her children made their acting debuts in the Christmas episode, "Mother Goose". There were problems. The show lacked the special effects necessary for fairy tale dramatizations, sets were amateurish, and episodes were broadcast in no regular time-slot, making it difficult to generate a following. The show was reworked and released in color in September 1960 (running through September 1961) in a regular time-slot as The Shirley Temple Show (Shirley Temple Theater). It faced stiff competition however, and was cancelled at season's end.

Temple continued to work television, making guest appearances on The Red Skelton Show, Sing Along with Mitch, and others. In January 1965, she portrayed a social worker in a sitcom pilot called Go Fight City Hall that was never released. In 1999, she hosted the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars awards show on CBS, and, in 2001, served as a consultant on an ABC-TV production of her autobiography, Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story.

Motivated by the popularity of Storybook and television broadcasts of Temple's films, the Ideal Toy Company released a new version of the Shirley Temple doll, Rosenau Brothers recreated the Baby, Take a Bow polka-dot dress, and Random House published three fairy tale anthologies under Temple's name. Three hundred thousand dolls were sold within six months and 225,000 books between October and December 1958. Other merchandise included handbags and hats, coloring books, and a toy theater.

Life after Hollywood

Political ambitions

Following her venture into television, Temple became active in the Republican Party in California, where, in 1967, she ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in a special election to fill a vacant seat. She ran as a conservative and lost to liberal Republican Pete McCloskey, a staunch opponent of the Vietnam War.

Breast cancer

In the autumn of 1972, Temple was diagnosed with breast cancer. The tumor was malignant and removed, and a modified radical mastectomy performed. Following the operation, she announced it to the world via radio, television, and a February 1973 article for the magazine McCall's. In doing so, she became one of the first prominent women to speak openly about breast cancer.

International activities and ambassadorships

Temple was appointed Representative to the 24th General Assembly of the United Nations by President Richard M. Nixon (September - December 1969), and was appointed United States Ambassador to Ghana (December 6, 1974 – July 13, 1976) by President Gerald R. Ford. She was appointed first female Chief of Protocol of the United States (July 1, 1976 – January 21, 1977), and was in charge of arrangements for President Jimmy Carter's inauguration and inaugural ball. She was appointed by President George H. W. Bush as United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (August 23, 1989 – July 12, 1992).

Corporation commitments

Temple has served on numerous boards of directors of large enterprises and organizations including The Walt Disney Company, Del Monte, Bank of America, the Bank of California, BANCAL Tri-State, Fireman's Fund Insurance, the United States Commission for UNESCO, the United Nations Association, and the National Wildlife Federation.

Awards and honors

Temple is the recipient of many awards and honors including a special Academy Award, the Life Achievement Award from the American Center of Films for Children, the National Board of Review Career Achievement Award, Kennedy Center Honors, and the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. In 2002, a life-size bronze statue of the child Temple was erected on the Fox lot.

On March 14, 1935, Temple left her footprints and handprints in the wet cement at the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.

Filmography

References

Notes

1. While Temple occasionally used Jane as a middle name, her birth certificate reads "Shirley Temple". Temple's birth certificate was altered to prolong her babyhood shortly after she signed with Fox in 1934; her birth year was advanced from 1928 to 1929. Even her baby book was revised to support the 1929 date. She admitted her real age when she was twenty-one (Burdick 5;Edwards 23n,43n).
2. Temple was presented with a full-sized Oscar in 1985 (Edwards 357).
3. In keeping with her star status, Winfield Sheehan, head of Fox Films before the merge, had built Temple a four-room bungalow at the studio with a garden, a picket fence, a tree with a swing and a rabbit pen. The living room wall was painted with a mural depicting Temple as a fairy tale princess wearing a golden star on her head. Under Zanuck, Temple was assigned a bodyguard, John Griffith, a childhood friend of Zanuck's (Edwards 77), and, at the end of 1935, Frances "Klammie" Klampt became Temple's tutor at the studio (Edwards 78).
4. Temple and her parents traveled to Washington, D.C. late in 1935 to meet President Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor. The presidential couple invited the Temple family to a cook-out at their home in Hyde Park, New York where Eleanor, bending over an outdoor grill, was hit smartly in the rear with a pebble from the slingshot Temple carried everywhere in her little lace purse (Edwards 81).
5. In Dimples, Temple was upstaged for the first time in her film career by Frank Morgan who played Professor Appleby with such zest as to render Temple almost the amateur (Windeler 175).
6. Temple and Ford had a wonderful working relationship and remained friends until Ford's death. Ford became godfather to Temple's daughter Susan (Windeler 183).
7. Young People was so weak, it was often billed as the second feature in many theaters (Burdick 268).
8. In 1941, Temple worked radio with four shows for Lux soap and a four-part Shirley Temple Time for Elgin. Of radio she said, "It's adorable. I get a big thrill out of it, and I want to do as much radio work as I can." (Windeler 43)
9. Temple received a much ballyhooed first on-screen kiss in the film (from Dickie Moore, on the cheek) (Edwards 136).
10. Temple took her first on-screen drink (and spit it out) in Bobby-Soxer. The Women's Christian Temperance Union protested that unthinking teenagers might do the same after seeing Temple in the film (Life Staff 140).
11. In the 1990s, audio recordings of Temple's film songs and videos of her films were released with Temple receiving no profits. Dolls continued to be released as well as porcelain dolls authorized by Temple and created by Elke Hutchens. The Danbury Mint released plates and figurines depicting Temple in her film roles, and, in 2000, a porcelain tea set (Burdick 136)
12. Black had been awarded the United States Navy Silver Star and had been cited twice for valor. Conservative and patrician, Black was reputedly one of the richest young men in California, being the son of James B. Black, the president and later chairman of the largest private utility company in the world, Pacific Gas and Electric (Windeler 72).

Footnotes

1. Balio 227
2. Windeler 26
3. Edwards 15,23
4. Edwards 15,17
5. Edwards 19
6. Edwards 29–30
7. Windeler 17
8. Burdick 6
9. Edwards 26
10. Edwards 31
11. Black 14
12. Edwards 31–4
13. Windeler 111
14. Windeler 113,115,122
15. Black 15
16. Edwards 36
17. Black 28
18. Edwards 37,366
19. Edwards 267–9
20. Windeler 122
21. Black 31
22. ^ Edwards 355
23. Edwards 370–4
24. Barrios 421
25. Windeler 135
26. Edwards 62
27. Windeler 122,127
28. Edwards 67
29. Windeler 143
30. ^ Thomas; Scheftel
31. Black 98–101
32. Edwards 80
33. Windeler 27–8
34. Black 72
35. Edwards 74–5
36. ^ Edwards 75
37. Edwards 75–6
38. ^ Balio 227–8
39. Zipes 518
40. Balio 228
41. ^ Windeler 183
42. Edwards 104–5
43. Edwards 105,363
44. ^ Edwards 106
45. Windeler 35
46. Edwards 107
47. Edwards 111
48. Edwards 120–1
49. Edwards 122-3
50. Edwards 123
51. Windeler 207
52. Edwards 124
53. ^ Edwards 128
54. Windeler 38
55. Windeler 43–5
56. Windeler 49,51–2
57. ^ Windeler 71
58. Edwards 206
59. Edwards 209
60. Black 479–81
61. ^ Black 85–6
62. Edwards 147
63. Windeler 53
64. Edwards 169
65. Windeler 54
66. Black 419–21
67. ^ Windeler 68
68. Edwards 199–200
69. Black 449
70. Edwards 199
71. Edwards 207
72. ^ Windeler 72
73. Edwards 211
74. Edwards 215
75. Edwards 217
76. Windeler 72–3
77. Windeler 74
78. Edwards 231,233,393
79. Windeler 255
80. Burdick 112-3
81. ^ Edwards 393
82. Burdick 115
83. Burdick 115-6
84. Edwards 235–6,393
85. Edwards 233
86. Edwards 243ff
87. Windeler 80ff
88. Sean Howell (Wednesday, July 1, 2009). "Documentary salutes Pete McCloskey". The Almanac Online. Embarcadero Publishing Co. Retrieved 2010-01-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
89. Windeler 96–7
90. Edwards 356
91. Windeler 85
92. ^ Edwards 357
93. Windeler 105
94. Edwards 318,356–7
95. "Shirley Temple Black". The National Board of Review. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
96. "History of Past Honorees". The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
97. Burdick 136
98. "Shirley Temple Black: 2005 Life Achievement Recipient". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
99. "The Shirley Temple Monument". Nijart. Retrieved 2009-10-27.

Works cited

• Balio, Tino (1995) . Grand Design: Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise, 1930–1939. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20334-8.
• Barrios, Richard (1995). A Song in the Dark: The Birth of the Musical Film. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508810-7.
• Black, Shirley Temple (1989) . Child Star: An Autobiography. Warner Books, Inc. ISBN 0-446-35792-8.
• Burdick, Loraine (2003). The Shirley Temple Scapbook. Jonathan David Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8246-0449-0.
• Edwards, Anne (1988). Shirley Temple: American Princess. William Morrow and Company, Inc.
• Life Staff (09-16-1946). "Tempest Over Temple: Shirley sips liquor and the W.C.T.U. protests". Life. 21 (12): 140. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Thomas, Andy; Scheftel, Jeff (1996), Shirley Temple: The Biggest Little Star, Biography, A&E Television Networks, ISBN 0-7670-8495-0
• Windeler, Robert (1992) . The Films of Shirley Temple. Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8065-0725-X.
• Zipes, Jack, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-965-36357-0.

Bibliography

• Bogle, Donald (2001) . Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. pp. 45–52. ISBN 0-8264-1276-X. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
• Cook, James W.; Glickman, Lawrence B.; O'Malley, Michael (2008). The Cultural Turn in U.S. History: Past, Present, and Future. University of Chicago Press. pp. 186ff. ISBN 978-0-226-11506-1.
• Basinger, Jeanine (1993). A Woman's View: How Hollywood Spoke to Women, 1930–1960. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 262ff.
• Everett, Charles (2004) . "Shirley Temple and the House of Rockefeller". Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media (2): 1, 17–20.
• Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996). Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. New York University Press. pp. 185–203. ISBN 0-8147-8217-5.

External links

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• Shirley Temple at IMDb
• Shirley Temple at the TCM Movie Database
• Shirley Temple movies for free download
• Photographs of Shirley Temple

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