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War in Somalia (2009–)
Part of the Somali Civil War and War on Terrorism
Situation in Somalia as of 1 January 2011
Date January 31, 2009 – ongoing (15 years, 349 days) Location Somalia Result Ongoing Sharia Law imposed in Somalia. Al-Shabaab take control over most of Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab takes control over most of South and Central Somalia. Start of Islamic insurgency in Puntland. Large humanitarian crisis Armed conflict between Hizbul Islam and al-Shabaab, resulting in eventual surrender of Hizbul Islam and merging of insurgent forces
Belligerents
Islamic Emirate of Somalia: al-Shabaab Hizbul Islam (until December 2010) Foreign Mujahedeen Allegedly:  Eritrea al-Qaeda  Somaliland	Republic of Somalia: ARS-D-TFG coalition ASWJ  Galmudug  Puntland African Union AMISOM limited involvement:  Ethiopia  United States  France  Italy  Kenya
Commanders and leaders
Ibrahim "al-Afghani" Moktar Ali Zubeyr Abu Mansur Xasan Xuseen Ali "Dheere" Mohamud Hussein Ali Fidow Ali Mohamed Hussein Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki4 Sheikh Mohammed Dulyaden4 Maxamed Saciid Atam Hassan Dahir Aweys Ibrahim Hayle Ahmed "Madobe" Mohamed Mire Omar Iman 1 Hassan Mahdi Muse Arale Sheikh Abdinassir Serar Mohammed Osman Arus Ali Saleh Nabhan  † Fazul Abdullah Mohammed	Sharif Ahmed Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Said Mohamed Hersi 3 Yusuf Hussein Dumal Ali Said  † Omar Hashi Aden  † Abdulkadir Ali Omar Sheikh Omar Sheikh Muhammad Farah Muse Sudi Yalahow Meles Zenawi Siraj Fergessa Samora Yunis Abdirahman Mohamud Farole Warsame Abdi Shirwa  † Indho Ade 2 Levi Karuhanga Nathan Mugisha Juvenal Niyoyunguruza  †
Strength
Al-Shabaab: 2,500 Core Force 14,426 Total (Nov 2010) Hizbul Islam: Unknown Foreign Mujahedeen: 1,200	TFG/ARS: 2,900 Security Forces 5,000-10,000 Militia Ahlu Wal Sunna: ~2,000 AMISOM: 7,200 Ethiopia: 6,000 troops in Doolow
Casualties and losses
Al-Shabaab: At last 1,100 killed Al-Qaeda: 4 killed	ARS-TFG : 200+ killed Amisom: 61 killed, 78+ injured Puntland: 23+ killed Ethiopia: 8 killed Kenya: 1 injured
Jan 2009-Nov 2010: 4,057 killed 10,935 injured 1.4 milion displaced
1. Sheikh Omar Iman Abubakr was leader of Hizbul Islam until 26 May, when he stepped down and handed over his position to Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys. 2. Sheik Yusuf Mohamed Siad "Indho Ade" (a warlord who is notorious for switching sides), and his militia were part of Hizbul Islam until 17 May, when he defected to the government. He later also left the government to start his own faction. 3. General Said Mohamad Hersi was in charge of the Somali military until 15 May when he resigned and replaced by Yusuf Hussein Dumal, due to poor performance by government forces in the May, battle of Mogadishu 4.Hassan Turki and his Ras Kamboni Briages were part of Hizbul Islam from January 2009 until February 2010 when he led a faction of defectors which joined al-Shabaab.

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The 2009–present phase of the Somali Civil War is concentrated in southern Somalia. It began in early February 2009, with the conflict between, on the one hand, the forces of the Somali Transitional Federal Government assisted by African Union peacekeeping troops, and on the other, various militant Islamist and tribal factions. The violence has displaced thousands of people residing in Mogadishu, the nation's capital.

Background

Established in 2004 and internationally recognized, the Transitional Federal Government's (TFG) support in Somalia was waning until the United States-backed 2006 intervention by the Ethiopian military, which helped drive out the rival Islamic Courts Union (ICU) in Mogadishu and solidify the TFG's rule. Following this defeat, the ICU splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to withdraw from the country, leaving behind an underequipped African Union (AU) peacekeeping force. A power sharing deal ensued between an Islamist splinter group led by Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Djibouti faction (ARS-D) and TFG Prime Minister Nur Hassan in Djibouti. Al-Shabaab, which had separated from the moderate Islamists of the insurgency, rejected the peace deal and continued to take territories. It was joined by Hizbul Islam, which is an amalgamation of four Islamist group including the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia - Asmara faction. Another Islamist group, Ahlu Sunnah Waljama'ah, which was allied with the TFG and supported by Ethiopia, continues to attack al-Shabaab and take over towns as well although they have been effective only in the central region of Galguduud, where they ousted al-Shabaab from most of the region.

After the parliament took in 275 officials from the moderate Islamist opposition, ARS leader Sheikh Ahmed was elected TFG President on January 31, 2009. Since then, the al-Shabaab radical Islamists have accused the new TFG President of accepting the secular transitional government and have continued the civil war since he arrived in Mogadishu at the presidential palace in early February 2009.

Timeline

Islamist-ARS/TFG coalition conflict

On February 4, 2009, four Islamist groups, including Hassan Dahir Aweys' Eritrean branch of the ARS merged and created the group Hisbi Islam, to fight the new government of Sharif Ahmed. al-Shabaab also vowed to fight the government. On February 8, 2009, they declared war on the new government of Sharif Ahmed and the AU peace-keepers.

New TFG President Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed arrived in Mogadishu as a president for the first time on February 7, 2009. The al-Shabaab and other radical Islamists began firing at the new TFG president hours later. They accused the new President of accepting the secular transitional government.

On February 8, heavy fighting broke out in southern Mogadishu. al-Shabaab leader Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (Abu Mansur). met with Sharif Ahmed for peace talks during his visit to Mogadishu, while Omar Iman rejected the president. During these negotiations, Sharif Ahmed said that he would be prepared to enforce Sharia Law in Somalia, which is currently the radical groups' main demand. However, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow, a former Al-Shabab spokesman, denied having talked to Sharif Ahmed and vowed to continue fighting until his demands for Sharia Law were met. Sheikh Mukhtar Robow warned Nigeria against sending peace keepers to Somalia, as al-Shabaab views the AU peace keepers as occupying forces and will continue fighting them until they withdraw from the country.

On February 10, al-Shabaab launched an offensive to take the Bakool province. Government officials who had been ousted from Baidoa had been amassing troops in the city of Hudur (Xudur) and planning a major offensive to re-take Baidoa. Islamist forces attacked the province and reached the capital were they started a battle against government forces. In Galmudug, Clan militia took the town of Masagaway from al-Shabaab. There was also fighting in Warsheekh.

On February 12, the spokesman for al-Shabaab, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (Abu Mansur), rebuffed reports from several media outlets that a mutual agreement between him and newly elected president Sharif Ahmed was made. He also added that he had no intention to contact the president on any matters, and that they would continue fighting against foreign troops and what he described as an “apostate" government. The same day, they vowed war against the new government.

On February 22, a double suicide bomb attack on an AU base in Mogadishu left 11 Burundian soldiers dead and another 15 wounded. Two days later heavy fighting erupted in the city as TFG and AU forces attempted to retake the city from radical Islamist forces. The fighting lasted for two days and killed 87 people, including: 48 civilians, 15 insurgents and 6 TFG policemen.

At the same time as the fighting raged in Mogadishu, al-Shabaab forces took the town of Hudor, to the north-west, in fighting that killed another 20 people: 10 TFG soldiers, 6 insurgents and 4 civilians.

On February 28, it appeared that Hisbi Islam would sign a ceasefire with the Transitional Federal Government. However, by March 1, it was clear that no ceasefire would be given, despite President Sharif Ahmed having agreed to proposals for a truce and having offered to accept the implementation of Sharia Law but refused to move troops from civilian areas despite the Islamists doing so.

On May 6, al-Shabaab announced that it would continue the war even if AMISOM withdrew.

May 25, the government announced an immediate blockade on airstrips and seaports under insurgent control to stop the flow of weapons reaching them.

On May 7, a fierce battle for control of Mogadishu started between al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam against the TFG. Hundreds were killed and injured and tens of thousands were displaced. By May 11, rebel forces gained the upper hand and made large gains taking over most of the capital. Fighting continued until 14 May and, though they came close, the rebels didn't manage to overthrow the government. There were new rounds of fighting all through August.

May 16, al-Shabaab captured the strategic town of Jowhar, which connects Mogadishu with central Somalia.

June 5, Hizbul Islam captured Wabho in one of the largest battles of the war, which left 123 combatants killed. It was also rumoured Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys was injured in this battle.

On June 19, the transitional parliament speaker Sheikh Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe asked the international community to send foreign troops to Somalia within the following 24 hours. He stated that that the government's power is on the verge of being defeated by Islamist forces in the Somali capital. The Cabinet declared a state of emergency and Somalia asked for help from neighbors Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Yemen. Ethiopia refused saying intervention needs an international mandate. On June 21, a spokesman for the al-Shabaab Islamists said they would fight any foreign troops. al-Qaeda also made threats against Kenyan intervention.

June 22, Somali President Sheikh Sharif Ahmed declared state of emergency in the country as a new round of fighting in Mogadishu left 12 dead and 20 injured. Hundreds were said to be fleeing the city July 4, Sheik Abdinasir Jalil, a former commander of the training for ICU administration in Beledweyn town joined Hizbul Islam with is men and vowed to fight TFG forces in the city and attack Ethiopian forces in El-gal village, which lies 18 km from Beledweyn. He said that the government officials want to bring Ethiopian troops inside town and that is the reason they switched sides. Former ICU officials who joined Hizbul Islam, held a press conference and announced that the ICU administration in Hiraan had collapsed as they joined the insurgents. Sheikh Ibrahim Yusuf, top security commander in Beledweyn also defected along with his forces. General Muktar Hussein Afrah was sent to Beledweyn along with TFG troops and put in charge there by the TFG as the ICU administration had collapsed. Many ICU officials including MPs resigned that day next to Sheikh Abdinasir Jalil Ahmed (head of training) and Sheikh Ibrahim Yusuf (head of security); Sheik Osman Abdulle Barqadle, the army commander of Ugas Khalif airport, and Sheik Abdullahi Garamgaram, the deputy chief of the emergency forces also resigned.

In response, TFG forces led by general Muktar Hussein Afrah started military manoeuvers in the East side of the city.

July 6, Sheikh Moktar Ali Zubeyr, the Amir of al-Shabaab gave government forces an ultimatum of 5 days to hand over their weapons. The ultimatum was rejected by Indho Ade.

July 17, two French security advisors to the government were captured by insurgents. The Somali government gave permission for French commandos to launch operations inside Somalia to free the 2 French nationals that held by al-Shabaab. On July 22, French warships and helicopters were seen near the ports of Mogadishu and Marka as France declared they would undertake military operations to free the two French military advisers who had been captured by insurgents.

On September 15, a helicopter raid conducted by the US military killed 6, including a key Al-Qaida member, Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan.

Al-Shabaab-Hizbul Islam conflict

The armed conflict between Hizbul Islam and al-Shabaab began due to a dispute between the faction of the Ras Kamboni Brigades led by Sheikh Ahmed "Madoobe" and al-Shabaab, over a power sharing agreement in Kisimayo. Hizbul Islam and al-Shabaab had made a power sharing agreement for the city, where the power would rotate between the two factions, with each faction controlling the city for periods of six months. However, due to clan politics al-Shabaab refused to let the power rotation take place. This led to internal problems within Hizbul Islam as it's ARS-A and JABISO factions, which were aligned with al-Shabaab in Hiran and Mogadishu, refused to support the Ras Kamboni Brigades, while Anole remained neutral. It also led to a split within the Ras Kamboni Brigades, with a faction led by Hizbul Islam's deputy chairman Sheikh Hassan "Turki" refusing to back Ahmad "Madoobe" and instead siding with al-Shabaab.

On October 1, heavy fighting broke out. By the afternoon, al-Shabaab controlled most of the city with 12 dead and 70 wounded. At least 17 people were killed in during a series of battles overnight on October 5. A Hizbul Islam spokesman claimed that they had captured foreign fighters in the battle. The battle was decisively won by al-Shabaab which expelled Madbobe's Ras Kamboni Brigade forces from the city.

Throughout November 2009, fighting between the two factions continued in Southern Somalia and as result insurgent attacks in Mogadishu targeting TFG and AMISOM forces decreased. However Sheikh Ahmad Madobe's forces were soon overpowered by al-Shabaab and it's local allies and forced to withdraw from the Lower Jubba region and most of Southern Somalia. In February 2010, Sheikh Hassan Turki's branch of the Ras Kamboni Brigades declared a merge with al-Shabaab. He encouraged other groups in Hizbul Islam also to join al-Shabaab.

In early 2010 the two groups clashed in Hiran region, in central Somalia. This battle was also won by al-Shabaab which took control of the region. In late 2010 they also expelled Hizbul Islam from Bay region after seizing control of Bur Hakab, after a two days battle in which 30 militants were killed. In Lower Shabelle region al-Shabaab seized control of Hizbul Islam strongholds: Furuqley, Farsooley and Dugulle villages and then started preparing an offensive in Afgooye, the last town Hizbul Islam controlled in the region. Soon after Hizbul Islam was forced to surrender the Luuq District in Gedo region to al-Shabaab, after which it was announced that Hizbul Islam would merge with al-Shabaab. From mid-December al-Shabaab fighters started taking over Hizbul Islam positions. Hizbul Islam fighters also started entering al-Shabaab controlled areas of Mogadishu. The merge was confirmed on On December 20, when Hizbul Islam Chairman Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys and Sheikh Mohammad Osman Arus, the organisation's official spokesman, surrandered to al-Shabaab and disbanded the organisation.

TFG & Islamist embrace Pirates

Up to date, in 2010, Somalia’s heavily armed pirate gangs, which seemed content to rob and hijack on the high seas, are getting sucked into the messy civil war on land. Now, the pirates need taking sides — both sides, TFG and Islamist (Hizbul Islam, or Al-Shabaab).

Foreign involvement

Ethiopia

2009

On February 16, Somali MP Mohamud Sayid Adan, former Mogadishu mayor Mohamed Omar Habeeb and local police officer Hassan Dhicisow, were arrested by Ethiopian forces in the town of Dolow in Gedo region.

On May 28, 2 Ethiopian soldiers, 1 Ethiopian civilian, 2 Somali soldiers killed, 4 Somali civilians (working for the government) and 4 Somali insurgents, were killed when insurgents attacked a convoy in carrying Omar Hashi Aden who was returning back from his visit to Ethiopia.

On May 31, Ethiopian forces launched search and seizure operations in Hiraan, in Kalaberyr village, near Beledweyn.

On June 12, Ethiopian forces with several battle wagons entered in Balanbal town in Galgudud and set up military bases.

On June 14, the Ethiopian military said it had come to fight foreign mujahedin which the military described as "foreign enemies of Ethiopia and Somalia" and launched operations to search for them in Balanbal town which they control. Sheik Hassan Ya'qub Ali, head of the information affairs for Islamic administration in Kisimayo warned the Ethiopians that "there is no candy and dates to eat from here in Somalia. But the men who chased you forcibly from the country are here in Somalia."

The suicide bombing on June 18 targeted a meeting between TFG and Ethiopian commanders.

On June 19, Ethiopian forces entered Bakool and reached Elberde town. They withdrew after holding talks with local clan elders.

June 22, Ethiopian forces started launching search and seizure operations in Kala-beyrka intersection in Hiran region. . The Ethiopian government then announced it would not intervene without an international mandate.

June 30, Ethiopian forces entered El-gal and Ilka'adde villages which are less than 20 km north of regional capital Beledweyn. Reports from Kala-beyrka intersection say that more extra troops from Ethiopia crossed from the border.

July 4, Ethiopians withdrew from their bases in Banabal town in Galgudug.

July 18, Ethiopian forces vacated their bases in Yed Village in insurgent-controlled Bakool region.

During the weekend of 29–30 August, Ethiopian forces advanced to Beledweyne, supporting a government offensive on the insurgent part of, Beledweyne. They withdrew on August 31. The assault on Beledweyne by government forces came as the TFG governor of Hiraan (belonging to Sharif Ahmed's ARS-Djibouti faction), Sheikh Abdirahman Ibrahim Ma'ow, which controls the other part of Beledweyne, withdrew his administration's support for the TFG.

2010

March 19, Mohammed wali Odowa, spokesman of Hizbul Islam's Hiraan administration in Beledweyne, threatened that Hizbul Islam forces would attack any Ethiopian forces which entered Hizbul Islam controlled territories in Hiraan.

May 20, Ethiopian forces seized control of the previously al-Shabaab held towns of Yeed and Elbarde, in Bakool region. Al-Shabaab had captured Elbarde from the TFG on April 20.

On July 18, Ethiopian forces withdrew from all their bases in Hiraan and Bakool regions. Ethiopian forces had held these territories for two months, during which they clashed several times with al-Shabaab forces which control most of Hiraan. Before they withdrew they released over 20 lorries which used to travel between the South and Central regions of Somalia.

August 27, 1,000 Ethiopian troops entered Somalia through the border town of Dolo, were 6,000 Ethiopian forces are based. They advanced deep into Gedo region in the direction of the towns of Beledehawa and Elwak, accompanied by militia of pro-Ethiopian, Somali warlords. In Hiraan, Ethiopian forces which entered along with TFG-forces exchanged fire with al-Shabaab militants and advanced until the Kalaber junction, near Beledweyne. The Ethiopian troops then withdrew to Ferfer.

August 29, there was a second Ethiopian incursion. A large number of Ethiopian forces in military vehicles, accompanied by highly trained TFG forces, entered several villages in al-Shabaab controlled Hiraan region. This came at a time when al-Shabaab militants regularly ventured near the border. Hussein Abdallah, an ASWJ loyalist claimed that the movements were a preliminary action to signal that Ethiopian authorities are able of weakening the Islamist insurgents, to al-Shabaab's leadership.

September 1, Ethiopian forces moved deeper into Gedo region, via Dolow, entering the TFG-held village of Yeed. TFG officials in the region reported they were planning to capture the entire Bay and Bakool regions from al-Shabaab.

December 30, TFG forces clashed with Ethiopian troops in the Jawil district, near Beledweyne, after Ethiopian forces took a TFG soldier into custody. One TFG soldier and one civilian were injured in the clashes.

2011

January 3, Ahlu Sunna Waljamaa official Sheikh Abdi Badel Sheikh Abdullahi, complained about Ethiopian forces in the town of Dolo, in Gedo region. The town is controlled by 300 ASWJ and TFG forces, but it is also home to several Ethiopian military bases. Ethiopian forces had called on ASWJ fighters in the district to lay down their arms. According to a TFG official, three Ethiopian commanders had then come to the town of Dolo and ordered TFG forces to disarm. Ethiopian troops then disarmed a number of TFG and ASWJ forces. Sheikh Abdullahi alleged that Ethiopian forces were doing this because they were outraged by ASWJ's military capability.

Kenya

Recruitment from Kenya

According to press reports, Somali and Kenyan government officials have recruited and trained Somali refugees in Kenya and Kenyan nationals who are ethnic Somalis to fight insurgents in Somalia. However, the Somali chief of military staff and spokesmen from the Kenyan government have denied this.

2010 Kenya-Somalia border clash

The 2010 Kenya-Somalia border clash occurred on July 20, 2010, when Somali gunmen from the al-Shabaab militia attacked a Kenyan border patrol along the border area in Liboi, Lagdera. There was a subsequent fierce exchange of fire between the two sides leading to the deaths of 2 militia and the wounding of one Kenyan officer. Hundreds of security personnel were later deployed to the border following the clash and because of continued fighting between two militia groups in the neighbouring town of Dobley, Somalia. The Somali rebel group had previously claimed responsibility for a deadly suicide bombing in Uganda in July.

See also

• List of wars 2003–current

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106. http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2010/aug/ethiopia_troops_in_somalia_to_battle_radicals.aspx
107. http://allafrica.com/stories/201012300419.html
108. http://allafrica.com/stories/201101030695.html
109. http://www.shabelle.net/article.php?id=1613
110. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091116/ap_on_re_af/af_kenya_secret_militia
111. ^ Ali, Noor.2 Kenyan forces, al-Shabaab rebels clash on border, Reuters, July 20, 2010.
112. Border security intensified as rival militias clash, The Standard, July 29, 2010.

• War in Somalia (2009–)
• 2009 in Somalia
• 2010 in Somalia
• 2011 in Somalia
• Conflicts in 2009
• Civil wars currently ongoing