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Indo-Canadian relations

India	Canada

Indo-Canadian relations, are the longstanding bilateral relations between India and Canada, which are built upon a "mutual commitment to democracy", "pluralism", and "people-to-people links," according to the government of Canada. In 2009, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$4.14 billion. However, India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the Colombo Plan. Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted, albeit temporarily, after the Pokhran-II tests. India currently is the second largest source of immigrant to Canada.

Country comparison

	Canada	India
Population	34,082,000	1,190,340,000
Area	9,984,670 km (3,854,085 sq mi)	3,287,240 km (1,269,210 sq mi)
Population Density	3.4/km (8.3/sq mi)	356/km² (922/sq mi)
Capital	Ottawa, Ontario	New Delhi
Largest City	Toronto – 2,503,281 (5,555,912 Metro)	Mumbai – 13,922,125 (21,347,412 Metro)
Government	Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Federal parliamentary constitutional republic
Official languages	English and French	Hindi and English, 21 other constitutionally recognized languages
Main religions	73.6% Christianity, 20.5% non-Religious or unstated, 2% Islam,1.1% Sikhism, 1.1% Judaism, 1% Buddhism, 1% Hinduism	80% Hinduism, 13.4% Islam, 2.3% Christianity, 1.9% Sikhism, 0.8% Buddhism, 0.4% Jainism
Ethnic groups	83.78% White/European, 4.01% Aboriginal, 4.6% South Asian, 4.3% Chinese, 3.3% Other Asian, 2.5% Black/African, 2.5% Middle Eastern, 1.6% Latin American	See Ethnic Groups of India
GDP (nominal)	2009 IMF estimates: US$1.336 trillion ($39,668 per capita)	2009 IMF estimates: $1.367 trillion ($1,124 per capita)
Military expenditures	$18.28 billion (FY 2009-10)	$37 billion (FY 2011)

Missions

Being fellow members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Canada and India share high commissioners rather than ambassadors. Canada's High Commission to India is located in New Delhi, whereas India's can be found in Ottawa. Canada maintains consulates three Indian cities: Mumbai, Chennai, and Chandighar; and trade officies in an additional four: Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. Indian consulates can be found in Vancouver and Toronto.

History

In the 1940s and 1960s Canada–India relations were enhanced because of the personal ties which developed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and two Canadian Prime Ministers who served during those years: Louis St. Laurent and Lester B. Pearson. At the United Nations and in the Commonwealth, on issues as diverse as the Korean War armistice and the Suez Crisis, there was a convergence of interest and commitment between India and Canada. Canada's aid program to India began in 1951 and grew substantially under the Colombo Plan. Canada provided food aid, project financing and technical assistance to India. In the past five decades India has been one the largest recipients of Canadian bilateral aid, amounting to over $ 3.8 billion Canadian dollars.

Indo-Canadian relations deteriorated in the wake of India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test of May 1974. The Canadian government was stung by allegations that the fissionable material used to construct India's first nuclear device had been obtained from the Canadian-supplied CIRUS nuclear research reactor. Canada severed bilateral nuclear cooperation with both India and Pakistan in 1976. Thereafter Canada resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

In the 1990s a chance to improve Indo-Canadian relations arose when India instituted major reforms of its economy. India went through a large economic transformation, which attracted the attention of the Canadian government and the business community. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien paid a diplomatic mission to India in January 1996 with two cabinet ministers and 300 business persons. India's External Affairs Minister Inder Kumar Gujral paid an official visit to Canada in September 1996. Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy reciprocated with a visit to India in January 1997 during which he inaugurated the Office of the Canadian High Commission in Chandigarh, capital of Punjab and Haryana states. The Canada-India Working Group on Counter- Terrorism was also established in 1997, bringing together on an annual basis several departments and agencies of the Canadian and Indian governments. Former Governor General Roméo Leblanc undertook a state visit to India in March 1998. Prime Minister Stephen Harper took an official visit to India in November 2009. The Canada India Foundation has been active since 2007 in fostering support for stronger bi-lateral relations between Canada and India. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Canada in June of 2010 for the G20 Summit in Toronto.

Security

Following several acts of terrorism in the 20th Century, most prominent of which was the bombing of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, Canada and India maintain a bilateral dialogue on counterterrorism, including an annual meeting of the Canada-India Strategic Dialogue, as well as regular meetins of the aforementioned Canada-India Workign Group on Counter-Terrorism.

Trade

Canada and India enjoy a prosperous trading relationship. Since 2004, despite the late-2000s recession, trade has increased by over 70%. In 2009, Canadian exports to India totalled C$2.1 billion, while in the same year Canadian imports from India totalled C$2.0 billion, giving Canada a hundred million dollar trade surplus.

References

1. "Canada–India Relations". Government of Canada. 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
2. "Canada–India Relations". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
3. ^ "India-Canada Trade & Economic Relations". FICCI. Archived from the original on 2008-05-25. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
4. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund.
5. Departmental Planned Spending and Full-Time Equivalents
6. Exchange rates 14 Aug 2009
7. Australian Department of Defence (2009). Defence Portfolio Budget Statements 2009-10. Table 5, Page 19.
8. "Canada–India Relations". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
9. "Canada–India Relations". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2011-05-11.

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