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Prognathism is a protrusion of the jaw caused by malformations of the shape of the bones of the face. Some anthropologists used the terms prognathism and orthognathism (condition of relatively small projection) to determine racial or ethnic identity. (see Physical anthropology)
Alveolar prognathism
An alveolar prognathism is limited to the tooth region and results in an overbite. Pronounced alveolar prognathisms also are common among Africoid peoples and some Mongoloid populations.
Maxillary prognathism
Maxillary prognathism is a protrusion of the upper jaw (maxillæ) which commonly results in a receding chin and overbite. Maxillary prognathism affects a large area of the face, causing it to jut out, thereby increasing the facial area and is an often found physical characteristic among people with the de Lange Syndrome. This is a common feature of Africoid populations.
Mandibular prognathism
Mandibular prognathism is a disfiguring, genetic disorder where the lower jaw outgrows the upper, resulting into an extended chin.
The condition is colloquially referred to as Habsburg jaw, Habsburg lip or Austrian lip (see Habsburg) due to its prevalence in that bloodline. The trait is easily traceable in portraits of Habsburg family members. This has provided tools for people interested in studying genetics and pedigree analysis.
It is alleged to have been derived through a female from the princely Polish family of Piasts, its Masovian branch. The deformation of lips is clearly visible on tomb sculptures of Mazovian Piasts in Warsaw. However this may be, we have at least good evidence that the remark is of old date. It is perhaps first observed in Maximilian I (1459-1519).
Traits such as these that were common to royal families are believed to have been passed on and exaggerated through inbreeding. Due to the large amount of politically motivated intermarriage between Habsburgs, the dynasty was virtually unparalleled in the degree of its inbreeding. Charles II of Spain is said to have had the most pronounced case of the Habsburg jaw on record (his jaw was so deformed that he was unable to chew).
Many dog breeds have underbite, particularly those with short faces. These can get caught in their jowls.
Royalty with the condition
- Charles II of Spain suffered from the condition and was unable to chew as a result.
- Philip II of Spain
- Philip IV of Spain
- Charles V
- Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
- Cymburgis of Masovia, Piast princess through whom the condition was brought into the Habsburg family
- Tutankhamun (Maxillary prognathism)
Other famous people with the condition
Dogs with the condition
- Boxer
- Pug
- Many breeds of Bulldog
- Boston terrier
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