Dash - Misplaced Pages

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For information on the use of dashes within Misplaced Pages, see Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style (dashes)

Punctuation marks

apostrophe	’ '
brackets	( ) { } ⟨ ⟩
colon	:
comma	,
dashes	‒ – — ―
ellipses	… ... . . . ⋯
exclamation marks	! ¡
full stop, period	.
hyphens	‐ -
interpunct	·
interrobangs	‽ ⸘
question marks	? ¿
quotation marks	‘ ’ “ ” ' ' " " ‹ › « »
semicolon	;
slash, stroke, solidus	/

In other scripts

Common dashes

Several forms of dashes exist, of which the most common are:

	glyph	Unicode	HTML entity
hyphen-minus	-	U+002D (45)	`-` (ASCII)
figure dash	‒	U+2012 (8210)
en dash	–	U+2013 (8211)	`–`
em dash	—	U+2014 (8212)	`—`
quotation dash	―	U+2015 (8213)
swung dash	⁓	U+2053 (8275)

Hyphen-minus

The hyphen-minus (-) is the ASCII character typically used as a hyphen, a minus sign, and a dash in ASCII computer files. This compromise made sense in the days of monospacing typewriters and early computers and persists mainly because standard keyboards do not have the keys for the separate characters. Strictly speaking, it is not a dash at all; thus, careful typesetting (including with modern computer applications, such as word processors and HTML) usually uses the following proper dashes instead.

Figure dash

The figure dash (‒) is so named because it is the same width as a digit, at least in fonts with digits of equal width.

The figure dash is used when a dash must be used within numbers, for example with telephone numbers: 634‒5789. Note that this does not indicate a range (use an en dash for that), or function as the minus sign (which has its own glyph).

The figure dash is often unavailable; in this case, one may use a hyphen-minus instead. In Unicode, the figure dash is U+2012 (decimal 8210). In HTML, you must use the numeric forms ‒ or ‒ to type it; there is no equivalent HTML entity. In TeX, the standard fonts have no figure dash; however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be substituted in TeX.

En dash

The en dash (–) is one en in width: half the width of an em dash.

The en dash is used to indicate a closed range, or a connection between two things of almost any kind: numbers, people, places, etc. For example:

June–July 1967
1:00–2:00 p.m.
For ages 3–5
pp. 38–55
New York–London flight
Mother–daughter relationship

The Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) recommends that the word "to" be used instead of an en dash when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, such as a range of units. For example, "a voltage of 50 to 100 V" rather than "a voltage of 50–100 V".

The en dash can also be used as a hyphen in compound adjectives in which one part consists of two words or a hyphenated word:

pre–World War II period
anti–New Zealand sentiment
high-priority–high-pressure tasks (tasks which are both high-priority and high-pressure).

The en dash is also used as a hyphen in compound adjectives for which neither part of the adjective modifies the other. That is, when each is modifying the noun. This is common in science when names compose an adjective as in Bose–Einstein condensate. There that refers to a "condensate" predicted by Bose and Einstein. Compare this with "award-winning novel" in which "award" modifies "winning" and together they modify "novel".

En dashes usually do not have spaces around them. The exception is when excluding them may cause confusion or look odd (e.g., 12 June – 3 July), or when used parenthetically or instead of a colon. However, when an actual en dash is unavailable, one may use a hyphen-minus with a single space on each side (" - ").

The en dash is also used, with a single space on each side, instead of a colon, and around parenthetical statements – like this one – in place of the more common em dash. See En dash versus em dash below.

In Unicode, the en dash is U+2013 (decimal 8211). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms – or –; there is also an HTML entity –. In TeX, the en dash may normally (depending on the font) be input as a double hyphen-minus (--).

Em dash

The em dash (—) is defined as one em in width. An em is equivalent to the square of the body measure of the type. Thus, in 9-point type an em is 9 points wide (as well as 9 points high) while the em of 24 point type is 24 points wide (and high), and so on. By definition, this is twice as wide as the en dash in any particular font.

Monospaced fonts such as Courier, that mimic the look of a typewriter, have the same width for all characters. Some of these fonts have em and en dashes which fill more or less of the monospaced width they have available. For example, “- – — −” will show as a hyphen, en dash, em dash, and minus in your current monospace font. Traditionally typewriters had only a single hyphen glyph so it is common to use two monospace hyphens strung together--like this--to serve as an em dash.

The em dash indicates a sudden break in thought—a parenthetical statement like this one—or an open range (such as "John Doe, 1987—"). The em dash is used in much the way a colon or set of parentheses is used: it can show an abrupt change in thought or be used where a period is too strong and a comma too weak. Em dashes are sometimes used in lists of definitions, but this is not considered correct usage: a colon should be used instead.

In North American usage—and also in old British usage—an em dash is never surrounded by spaces. In contrast, the modern practice in many other parts of the English-speaking world and in journalistic style is to separate the dash from its surrounding words when used parenthetically, by using spaces — or hair spaces (U+200A). Some writers eschew the use of the em dash – instead, they replace it with the shorter en dash – which is then also surrounded by spaces or hair spaces; this "space, en dash, space" sequence is also the predominant style in German typography. See En dash versus em dash below.

On standard keyboards use control + -, using the minus symbol on the 10 key part of the keyboard. When an actual em dash is unavailable, a double hyphen-minus ("--") can be used in American English. However, this has never been accepted in other variants of English, such as Commonwealth English; instead, a single hyphen-minus is used with space on either side (" - "), just as for the en dash. In Unicode, the em dash is U+2014 (decimal 8212). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms — or —; there is also the HTML entity —. In TeX, the em dash may normally be input as a triple hyphen-minus (---).

En dash versus em dash

The en dash is half the width of the em dash. The width of the en dash was originally the width of the typeset letter "N", while the width of the em dash was the width of "M"; hence the names.

Traditionally an em dash—like so—or spaced em dash — like so — has been used for a “dash” in running text. However, some such as Elements of Typographic Style now recommend the more-concise spaced en dash – like so – Elements of Typographic Style argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash catars to grandiose victorian taste. However, longstanding typographical guidelines such as the Chicago Manual of Style still recommend unspaced em dashes for this purpose. Furthermore, it is also argued that using an en dash here can lead to confusion, since the primary semantic role of an en dash is to represent a number range.

The use of spaced em or en dashes has a certain technical advantage over the (unspaced) em dash: In most typesetting and most wordprocessing, the space between words is expected to be variable, so there can be full justification. Alone among punctuation that marks pauses or logical relations in text, the (unspaced) em dash disables this for the words between which it falls. The effect can be uneven spacing in the text. Some argue that the (spaced) em dash risks introducing exaggerated spacing, in full justification.

Quotation dash

The quotation dash or horizontal bar (―) is used to introduce quoted text. This is standard method of printing dialogue in some languages (see the quotation dash section of the Quotation mark article for further details of how it's used).

If the quotation dash is unavailable, then the em dash can be used instead. In Unicode, the quotation dash is U+2015 (decimal 8213). In HTML, it can be input only with the numeric form, ― or ―; there is no equivalent HTML entity. But since browser support for it is nearly non-existent and Unicode itself equates use, for web pages one generally uses the em dash. There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use \hbox{---}\kern-.5em--- instead (or just use an em dash).

Swung dash

The swung dash (⁓) resembles a lengthened tilde, and is used to separate alternatives. In dictionaries, it is frequently used to stand in for the defined term in example text.

The swung dash in Unicode is U+2053 (decimal 8275). In HTML, it can be input only with the numeric form, ⁓ or ⁓; there is no equivalent HTML entity.

In LaTeX2ε, one can use the math mode command $\sim$ .

Summary

To summarize the above:

To write a number with a dash in it, use the figure dash (‒)
For a closed range, use an en dash (–)
For a compound adjective with a space, use an en dash (–)
For an open range, use an em dash (—)
For parenthetical statements, use an em dash (—) with no surrounding space, or an en dash with surrounding space
To introduce a quotation, use a quotation dash (―)
To separate alternatives, use a swung dash (⁓)
To replace a defined term in an example of usage within a definition, use a swung dash (⁓)

Other dash-like characters

The are several characters which resemble dashes but have different meanings and uses. These include:

The hyphen-minus (-), Unicode U+002D, is the standard ASCII hyphen. It looks like a dash, but should only be used as such when proper dashes are unavailable. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash.
The tilde (~), U+007E, is a diacritic mark.
The underscore (_), U+005F, is either a diacritic mark, or a character replacing a standard space.
The macron (¯), U+00AF, is another diacritic mark.
The soft hyphen (U+00AD) is used to indicate where a line may break, as in a compound word or between syllables.
The Armenian hyphen (֊), U+058A, is a hyphen from the Armenian alphabet.
The Mongolian todo hyphen (᠆), U+1806, is a hyphen from the Mongolian alphabet.
The hyphen (‐), U+2010, is a character which, unlike the ASCII hyphen, always represents a hyphen.
The hyphen bullet (⁃), U+2043, is a short horizontal line used as a list bullet.
The minus sign (−), U+2212, −, is an arithmetic operator used in mathematics to represent subtraction or negative numbers.
The wave dash (〜), U+301C, and the wavy dash (〰), U+3030, are wavy lines found in some East Asian character sets. Typographically, they have the width of one CJK character cell, and follow the direction of the text (horizontal for horizontal text, vertical for columnar). They are used as dashes, and occasionally as emphatic variants of the katakana vowel extender mark.

Rendering dashes on computers

Typewriters and computers have traditionally had only a limited character set, often having no key with which to produce a dash. In consequence, it became common to substitute the nearest incorrect punctuation mark or symbol. Em dashes are often represented by a pair of spaces surrounding a single hyphen-minus (typical British usage) or by a pair of spaces surrounding two hyphen-minuses (mostly in the United States).

Modern computer software, however, typically has a much expanded character set and is usually perfectly capable of rendering both the en and em dashes correctly—albeit with a little inconvenience.

The HTML entity names for the em dash and the en dash are — and –. The equivalent HTML numeric character entity references are — and –. Nearly all web browsers and operating systems used today are capable of rendering the numeric form, and almost as many correctly display the named form.

In Unicode, the figure dash, en dash, em dash, quotation dash, and swung dash correspond to characters U+2012, U+2013, U+2014, U+2015, and U+2053, respectively.

In Mac OS using the Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, Irish Extended, U.S., or U.S. Extended keyboard layout, an en dash can be obtained by typing option-hyphen, while an em dash can be typed with option-shift-hyphen.

In TeX, an em dash is typed as three hyphens ("---"), an en dash as two hyphens ("--"), and a hyphen-minus as one hyphen ("-"). Mathematical minus is signified as "$-$".

In Microsoft Word for Windows and Macintosh, an em dash will be produced by Autocorrect when two hyphens are entered between words ("word--word"). An en dash is produced by one or two hyphens surrounded by spaces ("word - word") or ("word -- word"). Other dashes, spaces, and special characters are possible, found through Tools → Customize... → Keyboard... → Common Symbols. Unassigned symbols (such as the true minus sign) can be assigned keyboard shortcuts through Insert → Symbol... → (select desired symbol) → Shortcut key...

In Word for Windows, an em dash can be typed with ctrl+alt+numeric hyphen (on the numeric keypad, usually in the top right corner), and an en dash can be typed with ctrl+numeric hyphen. Note that it will not work with the hyphen key on the main keyboard (usually between "0" and "="), which has completely different functions associated with these commands.

In professionally printed documents, the typographer sometimes adds a hair space on either side of an em dash (a refinement that is not practicable in HTML given the limitations of current-generation web browsers) or even a full space, though this last is uncommon.

External links

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