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Netball

Malawi (red) playing Fiji (blue) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Highest governing body	International Federation of Netball Associations
Registered players	561,000+
Characteristics
Contact	Limited
Team members	Seven on-court players per team
Mixed-sex	Yes, separate competitions and mixed gender teams
Type	Team sport, ball sport
Equipment	Netball, bib
Venue	Netball court
Presence
Olympic	IOC-recognised, 1995

Netball is a ball sport played between two teams of seven players. The sport derived from early versions of basketball, and is similar to it in many respects. Netball developed as a distinct sport in the 1890s in England, from where it spread to other countries. It is popular in many Commonwealth nations and is predominantly played by women.

Games are played on a rectangular court divided into thirds, with a raised goal at each short end. The object of the game is for teams to score goals, by passing a ball and shooting it into their team's goal ring. Players are assigned "positions" that define their role within the team and restrict their movement on court. During general play, a player with the ball can take no more than one step before passing it, and must pass the ball or shoot for goal within three seconds. Goals can only be scored by the assigned shooting players. Netball games are 60 minutes long, divided into 15-minute quarters, at the end of which the team with the most goals scored wins.

The sport is administered globally by the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), and is reportedly played by over 20 million people in more than 70 countries. Local-level participation is widespread in Commonwealth nations, particularly in schools, although international competition and domestic leagues receive substantial recognition in several countries. The highest level of international netball includes the Netball World Championships, the netball event at the Commonwealth Games, and the World Netball Series. In 1995, netball also became an Olympic-recognised sport.

History

Netball emerged from early versions of basketball and evolved into its own sport as the number of women participating in sport increased. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts. His new game was played in his school's gymnasium between two teams of nine players, using an association football ball that was thrown into closed-end peach baskets. Naismith's new game spread quickly across the United States and variations of the rules soon emerged. Senda Berenson, the director of Physical Education at Smith College in Massachusetts, developed modified rules for women in 1892 that would eventually give rise to women's basketball. Around this time separate intercollegiate rules were also developed for men and women. The various basketball rules converged into a universal set in the United States and it wasn't until the game spread to England that the sport of netball emerged.

Martina Bergman-Österberg introduced one version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at the Physical Training College in Hampstead, London. The rules of the game were modified at the college over several years: the game moved outdoors and was played on grass; the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; and in 1897 and 1899, rules from women's basketball in the United States were incorporated. Madame Österberg's new sport acquired the name "net ball". The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association (later the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom). From England, netball spread to other countries in the British Empire. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in Australia around the start of the 20th century and in New Zealand from 1906, while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.

From the start, netball was viewed as an appropriate sport for women to play, with restricted movement that appealed to contemporary notions on women's participation in sport, while remaining distinct from potentially rival male sports. Netball became a popular women's sport in countries where it was introduced, and spread rapidly through school systems. School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century, and in 1924 the first national governing body was established in New Zealand. International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. Australia and New Zealand contested the first international game of netball in Melbourne on 20 August 1938, which the host nation won 40–11. Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later the International Federation of Netball Associations) was formed to administer the sport worldwide.

In Australia, confusion existed because both netball and basketball were called "women's basketball". There was a movement during the 1950s and 1960s to change the name of the game in the country from women's basketball to netball in order to avoid confusion between the two sports. The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay costs involved to alter the name but this was rejected by the netball organisation prior to 1968. In 1970 the Council of the All Australia Netball Association officially changed the name of the game to "netball" in Australia.

In 1963, the first international tournament was held in Eastbourne, England. Originally called the World Tournament, it eventually became known as the Netball World Championships. It has been held every four years since, most recently in 2007. The World Youth Netball Championships started in Canberra in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, the International Olympic Committee designated netball as an Olympic recognised sport. Three years later it debuted at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, including the Nations Cup and the Asian Netball Championship.

Passing types and styles by nation change over time. Prior to 1965, England and most European countries played a one-handed, long passing game while Australia and New Zealand played a two-handed, short passing style of game. By the mid-1980s, Australia had started playing a style of game similar to that of England during the 1960s, with the emphasis on one-handed shoulder passes.

Description and rules

The objective of a game of netball is to score more goals than the opposition. Goals are scored when the ball is passed to a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle who then shoots the ball through the goal ring. The goal rings are 380-millimetre (15 in) in diameter and on top of 3.05 metres (10.0 ft) high goal posts that have no backboards. A 4.9-metre (16 ft)-radius semi-circular "shooting circle" is at each end of the court and the goal posts are located within the shooting circle. The netball court is 30.5-metre (100 ft) long, 15.25-metre (50.0 ft) wide and divided into thirds. The ball is usually made of leather or rubber and measures 680 to 710 millimetres (27 to 28 in) in circumference and weighs 397 to 454 grams (14.0 to 16.0 oz). A normal game consists of four quarters that each run for 15 minutes and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.

Only seven players are allowed on the court for each team and they are each given specific positions. Each player wears a "bib" that shows an abbreviation of their position. The seven positions are Goal Keeper (GK), Goal Defence (GD), Wing Defence (WD), Center (C), Wing Attack (WA), Goal Attack (GA) and Goal Shooter (GS). Players are restricted to certain areas on the court as determined by their position. Goal Attack and Goal Shooter are the only players allowed in the attacking shooting circle and therefore are the only players that are allowed to shoot for goal. Goal Shooter is restricted to the third that includes the shooting circle, while Goal Attack is also allowed in the central third. Goal Keeper and Goal Defence are the only players allowed in the defensive shooting circle and try and prevent the opposition from shooting goals. The Goal Keeper is restricted to the defensive third and tends to mark the Goal Shooter, while Goal Defence can also move into the central third and tends to mark the Goal Attack. Wing Defence is restricted to the defensive two-thirds of the court and Wing Attack to the attacking two-thirds, while Center can move through any of the thirds. However, neither of these positions are allowed in the shooting circles and their objective is to either move the ball to a player that can shoot or to prevent the opposition from doing so.

At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with the player in the Centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court. These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal. When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, the Goal Attack, Goal Defence, Wing Attack and Wing Defence players can move into the centre third to receive the pass. The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third. The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and a player must touch the ball in each adjacent third of the court. The ball can only be held by a player for three seconds at any time and it must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught the ball touches the ground again. Contact between players is only permitted provided it does not impede an opponent or the general play. When defending a pass or shot players must be at least 90 centimetres (35 in) away from the player with the ball. If illegal contact is made, a penalty is given to the team of the player who was contacted, and the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball. If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed it can not be picked up by the same player unless it rebounds off the goal.

Variants

Indoor netball

Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, reducing the number of playing stoppages allowing it to played at a faster pace than netball. Different forms of the game are played. In the 7-a-side version, seven players per team play with rules similar to netball. However, a game comprises 15-minute halves with a three-minute break in between. This version is played in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and England; the sport is often referred to as "action netball" in the latter two countries. A 6-a-side version of the sport is also played in New Zealand, with six-player teams comprising two attackers, two centre players and two defenders. The attacking and defending players can each go in one half of the court including the goal circle, while the centre players can play in the whole court except the goal circle. A unique feature of this form of the game is that the attacking and centre players can shoot from outside the goal circle for a two-point goal, while shots taken inside the goal circle still earn one point. A five-a-side game is also common in indoor netball. Teams have a centre position, two attackers and two defenders and all positions can run the entire court. Only the defenders and attackers can enter their respective goal circles and each goal is one point.

Fastnet

Fastnet is a variation on the rules of netball designed to make games faster and more television-friendly. It is employed in the World Netball Series with the ultimate aim of raising the sport's profile and attracting more spectators and greater sponsorship. The game is much shorter with each quarter lasting just six minutes and with only a two minute break between quarters. Injury time-outs are just 30 seconds although one initial two-minute injury time-out is allowed. The coaches can give instructions from the sideline during play and unlimited substitutions are allowed. Like six-a-side indoor netball, the goal shooter (GS) and goal attack (GA) may shoot goals from outside the shooting circle that count for two points. Umpires raise one arm for a single-point goal and two arms for a two-point goal. Each team can separately nominate one "power play" quarter, in which each goal scored by that team are worth double points and the centre pass is taken by the team that conceded the goal. Tied scores are decided by a penalty shoot-out, similar to those that occur in association football.

Children

The rules for children are similar to those for adults, except the length of each quarter can be reduced and the height of the goal may be lower. Fun Net is a version of netball developed by Netball Australia for 5–7 year olds that aims to improve basic netball skills using games and activities. The Fun Net program runs for 8–16 weeks and there are no winners or losers. The goal posts are 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high and a smaller netball is used. Netball Australia also runs a modified game called Netta aimed at 8–11 year olds. The same goals and ball is used, but all players rotate positions throughout the game so that they all get to play each position. It was created to develop correct passing and catching skills with up to six seconds allowed between catching and passing the ball, instead of the three seconds permitted in the adult game. Most netball players under the age of 11 play this version at netball clubs. A similar version called High Five Netball is promoted by the All England Netball Association. It is also aimed at 9–11 year old girls, but consists of just five positions. The players swap around these positions during the game and when a player is not on the court, they are expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper. The game is played over four quarters, with each quarter lasting six minutes.

Governance

The recognised international governing body of netball is the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), based in Manchester, England. It is affiliated to the General Association of International Sports Federations, the International World Games Association and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations. The organisation was founded in 1960 and originally named the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball. IFNA has 67 national members which are grouped into five regional areas: Africa, Asia, Americas, Europe and Oceania. Each region has an IFNA Regional Federation: Africa Netball, Netball Asia, Americas Associations of Netball Associations (AANA), the Federation of European Netball Associations and the Federation of Oceania Netball Associations. The IFNA is responsible for world rankings, maintaining the rules for netball and organises several major international competitions. It is governed by a congress that meets every two years, a board of directors that meets three times a year, a Chief Executive Officer and a Secretariat. The IFNA organises the Netball World Championships and is a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Code.

Globally

Netball is a popular participant sport in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. Outside of the Commonwealth; Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Argentina, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands and the United States of America are full members of IFNA, along with former Commonwealth members Zimbabwe, Ireland and Hong Kong. According to the IFNA, over 20 million people play netball in more than 70 countries. In 2011 60 countries made up the IFNA member nations and they were divided into five regional groups: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. International tournaments are held between countries from each region, either on an annual or four yearly basis. School leagues and national club competitions have existed in countries such as England, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica since the early 20th century. However, franchise-based netball leagues only emerged in the late 1990s. These competitions sought to increase the profile of the sport in their respective countries, which despite widespread local-level participation remains largely amateur.

Representatives from England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and The West Indies were part of the 1960 meeting in Sri Lanka that standardised the rules for the game. The game spread to other African countries in the 1970s, despite South Africa being expelled from competing internationally due to its apartheid policies from 1969 until 1994 In the United States Netball's popularity also increased during the 1970s, particularly in the New York area, and the United States of America Netball Association (USANA) was created in 1992. The game also became popular in the Pacific Island nations of the Cook Islands, Fiji and Samoa during the 1970s. Even though netball was played in Sri Lanka as early as 1926, an official governing bodies was not created until 1972. In other parts of Asia Netball Singapore was created in 1962, and the Malaysian Netball Association, was created in 1978.

The major international tournament in Africa is organised by the Confederation of Southern African Netball Associations (COSANA) and they invite teams from Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and the Seychelles to take part. They tournament is hosted by a country within the region and senior and under 21 teams compete. The tournament has acted as a qualifier for the World Championships. South Africa launched a new domestic competition in 2011 called Netball Grand Series. It features eight teams that represent various regions in South Africa and is aimed at increasing the amount of game-time for players. It runs for 17 weeks and replaces the National Netball League, which was only played over two weeks. According to Proteas captain Elsje Jordaan it was hoped that the competition would create an opportunity for players to become professional.

The Americas Associations of Netball Associations hosts two tournaments each year: the Caribbean Netball Association (CNA) Under 16 Championship and the American Federation of Netball Associations (AFNA) Senior Championship. The CNA championship involves two divisions of teams from the Caribbean islands. In 2010 five teams (Barbados, Dominica, St. Lucia St. Vincent and Trinidad and Tobago) competing in two rounds of round robin matches in the Championship Division with four teams (St. Kitts/Nevis, Guyana, Bermuda and Anguilla) competing in a the Developmental Division. Jamaica, who have only lost once in the tournament, decided not to play the 2011 tournament. The AFNA Senior Championship includes Canada and the USA along with the Caribbean nations. The tournament serves as a qualifier for the World Championship. Jamaica, with its high ranking, does not have to qualify leaving the two available spots to the other teams in the tournament. The Asian Netball Championship is held every four years with teams from across Asia competing. The seventh Asian games were held in 2009 and featured Singapore, Thailand, Maldives, Chinese-Taipei, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, India and Pakistan. There is also an Asian Youth Netball Championship for girls under 21 years of age, the seventh of which was held in 2010. The six countries took part in the tournament were Thailand, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, Malaysia and India. The major netball competition in Europe is the Netball Superleague and features nine teams from England, Wales and Scotland. The league was created in 2006 and matches are broadcasted on Sky Sports.

Netball has been featured at the Pacific Games, a multi-sport event with participation from 22 countries from around the South Pacific. The event is held every four years and 12 sports are required to be represented, with the host country able to chose the other four. Netball is not a required sport and has missed selection, particularly when former French or American territories host the games. The ANZ Championship is a Trans-Tasman competition that has been broadcast on television in both New Zealand and Australia since 2008. It is contested between ten teams from Australia and New Zealand. It began in April 2008, succeeding Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy and New Zealand's National Bank Cup as the pre-eminent netball league in those countries. The competition is held annually between April and July, comprising 69 matches played over 17 weeks. The ANZ Championship saw netball become a semi-professional sport in both countries, with increased media coverage and player salaries.

Demographics

Men

The IFNA only recognises women's netball and men's netball teams attract less attention from sponsors and spectators. Unlike women's netball at elite and national levels, men's and mixed gendered teams in countries like Fiji, Australia and New Zealand are largely self-funded. Netball started to become popular for male players in Australia during the 1980s and the first men's championship was held in 1985. In 2004, New Zealand and Fiji sent teams to compete in the Australian Mixed and Men's National Championships. By 2006, mixed netball teams in Australia had as many male participants as rugby union.In 1997, 0.7% of the total netball playing population in English schools consisted of males. Other countries that have a men's national team include Canada, Dubai, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya and Pakistan.

Transgenders and transsexuals

At the 1994 Gay Games held in New York City, an all transsexual netball team from Indonesia competed. This team had been the Indonesian national champions. At the Gay Games VI held in Sydney in 2000, netball and volleyball were the two sports with the highest rate of transgenders participating. There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgenders. They came from places like Palm Island in northern Queensland, Samoa, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. Teams and players who were transgendered could participate in several divisions including men, mixed and transgendered; they could not compete against the biological women's teams.

Disabled athletes

Netball can be played by disabled athletes. A hybrid version of basketball and netball was played at the Grand Festival of Paraplegic Sport in 1949. Its inclusion came after several matches of a form of wheelchair polo were determined to be too dangerous. Players used netball posts to score, instead of requiring them to shoot at the basket. There were six teams and a total of thirty-seven athletes competing at the event. This hybrid version of netball was subsequently played at the 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1954 festivals before being replaced by wheelchair basketball in 1956.

International competitions

Netball World Championships

The most important competition in netball is the World Championships, which is held every four years. The first was held at the Chelsea College of Physical Education at Eastbourne, England in 1963, with 11 nations competing. Following the tournament, one of the organisers, Miss R. Harris declared:

England could learn from the mistakes in the past from the empty stands at Eastbourne. To get the right publicity and the right status desired, the game must emerge from the school playground. Netball should be part of a sports centre where social events could also be held.

Since its inception the competition has been dominated primarily by the Australian (8 titles) and New Zealand netball teams (4 titles). The only other team to feature at the top is Trinidad and Tobago in 1979. That year there were no finals and the title was shared as New Zealand, Australia and Trinidad and Tobago all finished on equal points at the end of the round robin.

Commonwealth Games

Netball is popular in the Commonwealth. It was one of three new sports included in the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and has been a fixture ever since. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, 12 teams competed. Australia and New Zealand have won two golds and two silvers each, while England has three bronze and Jamaica one.

Games	Year	Host city	Event details	Medallists
				Gold	Silver	Bronze
XVI	1998	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998 Netball	Australia	New Zealand	England
XVII	2002	Manchester, England	2002 Netball	Australia	New Zealand	Jamaica
XVIII	2006	Melbourne, Australia	2006 Netball	New Zealand	Australia	England
XIX	2010	Delhi, India	2010 Netball	New Zealand	Australia	England

World Netball Series

The World Series is a competition organised by the IFNA, in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations each year, UK Sport and the host city's local council. The competition features modified fastnet rules and has been likened to Twenty20 cricket and rugby sevens. The World Series was contested for the first time in October 2009 and is scheduled to be held annually in England until at least 2011. It will be contested by the six top national netball teams in the world, according to the IFNA World Rankings.

The All England Netball Association covers air travel, accommodation, food and local travel expenses for all teams, while the respective netball governing bodies cover player allowances. It is held over three days, with each team playing each other once during the first two days in a round-robin format. The four highest-scoring teams then contes the semi-finals and Grand Final. The new format featuring shorter matches with modified rules was designed to make the game more appealing to spectators and television audiences.

Nations Cup

The Nations Cup (also known as the 4 Nations Netball Cup or the 5 Nations Netball Cup) is an international competition organised by Netball Singapore. the competition was first held in 2006 and consisted of four teams. In 2007 and 2008 the competition featured five teams, before being increased to six in 2009. Teams that have competed in the Nations Cup are Singapore, Canada, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Trinidad & Tobago, Papua New Guinea, Botswana, Samoa, Scotland, Malaysia, Tanzania, Wales, Namibia and India.

Olympic Games

Netball is an Olympic recognised sport, gaining recognition in 1995 after a twenty year period of lobbying. Although it has never been played at the Summer Olympics, there is an effort by some politicians and administrators to get it included in the near future. Its lack of inclusion has been seen by the netball community as a hindrance in the global growth of the game, by depriving it of media attention and additional funding sources. When the sport gained recognition in 1995 it opened up funds that the global netball community had not been able to access before. This included funds from the International Olympic Committee, national Olympic committees, national sport organisations, and state and federal governments.

See also

• List of national netball teams
• List of netball players

Notes

1. Numbers are taken where available from the 48 member nations of the International Federation of Netball Associates. (Cook Islands 1000, Fiji 5,000, New Zealand 135,000, Papua New Guinea 10,000, Samoa 2,000, England 75,000, Scotland 1,800, Australia 330,000, Hong Kong 1,200,). No current numbers are available for Vanuatu, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotha, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Gibraltar, Malta, Northern Ireland, Ireland, Wales, Switzerland, China, India, Malaysia, Republic of the Maldives, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Argentina, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Bermuda, Canada, Cayman Islands, Grenada, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, St. Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines and the United States
2. Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Scotland and Canada competed in the first Nations cup match in 2006. Singapore, Canada, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka and Trinidad & Tobago competed in 2007. Papua New Guinea, Botswana, Singapore, Samoa and Sri Lanka competed in 2008. Canada, Northern Ireland, Malaysia, Scotland, Singapore and Tanzania competed in 2009. Scotland, Wales, Tanzania, Singapore, Namibia and India competed in 2010.

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62. "Full Members". Internation Federation of Netball Associations. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
63. Thompson 2006, p. 258 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThompson2006 (help)
64. Shakespear & Caldow 2009, p. xii
65. Western Argus (24 October 1922). "GAMES FOR GIRLS". Western Argus (Kalgoorlie, WA : 1916–1938). Kalgoorlie, WA: National Library of Australia. p. 1. Retrieved 1 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
66. BBC Sport (6 November 2008). "Campaign for netball at Olympics". BBC Sport. Retrieved 12 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
67. International Federation of Netball Associations (2008). "History of Netball". Retrieved 2 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
68. ^ Massoa & Fasting 2002, p. 120
69. BNSC (11 May 2011). "Botswana Netball Association". BNSC. Retrieved 4 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
70. Keim 2003, p. 33
71. Booth 1998, p. 99
72. United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc. (2010). "History of the USANA". United States of America Netball Association. Retrieved 13 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
73. Lal & Fortune 2000, p. 458
74. ^ Netball Singapore (2011). "About Us". Retrieved 1 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) Cite error: The named reference "NS-body" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
75. Netball Asia (2011). "Malaysia". Netball Asia. Retrieved 24 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
76. ^ Clara Sinkala (September 06, 2001 - September 14, 2001). "Seychelles invited for netball tourney". Times of Zambia. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
77. Ellina Mhlanga (1 October 2009). "Zimbabwe: Mighty Warriors". The Herald.
78. "Netball moves towards professionalism". Supersport. 16 April 2011.
79. International Federation of Netball Associations (2010). "Regional Federations – Americas". Retrieved 5 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
80. ^ Enver Pemberton (Friday, April 15, 2011). "St. Lucia Poised to Win Caribbean Netball Association U 16 Title". The St. Kitts-Nevis Observe. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
81. "Young netballers march on". Thursday April 10, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "Jamaican Gleaner" ignored (help)
82. "St Lucia to host AFNA championships in July". 27 May 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
83. Darren Ng (12 June 2009). "Singapore to defend Asian Netball Championship title in Kuala Lumpur". Red Sports.
84. "Netball popularity on the rise in India: Federation president". Friday, Jul 02, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "The Hindu" ignored (help)
85. FIAT Netball Superleague. "History". Retrieved 2 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
86. England Netball (2010). "The FIAT Netball Superleague". Retrieved 19 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
87. Bhatt, Rahul (10 January 2011). "Fiat agrees netball partnership". Retrieved 19 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)}
88. International Federation of Netball Associations (2006). "Sky Sports to show Netball Superleague". Retrieved 19 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
89. McKinnon 2009, p. 51
90. "Netball misses selection for 2011 South Pacific Games". ABC Radio Australia. 15 September 2010.
91. ANZ Championship (2010a). "2010 ANZ Championship Fixture". Retrieved 2 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
92. Netball Australia (2007). "New look trans-Tasman netball competition". Netball Australia. Retrieved 3 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
93. "New netball venture steps forward". Sportal. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
94. Johannsen, Dana (29 March 2008). "Glitz and hype turn netball into money game". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
95. ^ Turk, Peter. "History of Men's Netball". International Mens and Mixed Netball Challenge Cup. Retrieved 19 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
96. Tagg 2008, p. 409
97. Davis & Davis 2006, p. 4
98. Craig Francis (Thursday, October 9, 2003). "Humble start spawns global giant". CNN. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
99. Scully & Clarke 1997, p. 26
100. Tagg 2008, p. 411
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102. ^ Symons & Hemphill 2006, p. 122
103. ^ Brittain 2009, p. 9
104. ^ Brittain 2009, p. 8
105. ^ Brittain 2009, p. 10
106. World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore (2011). "History". Retrieved 3 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
107. ^ Commonwealth Games Federation (2010a). "Sports – Netball". Retrieved 2 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
108. ^ Commonwealth Games Federation (2010). "Tally by Country". Retrieved 2 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
109. ^ Newstalk ZB (2 December 2008). "Innovative World Series planned for next year". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Cite error: The named reference "NZB" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
110. Marshall, Jane (5 February 2009). "Kiwis keen on novel netball variant". The Press. Retrieved 6 February 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
111. "Samoa prepares for World netball series". Samoa Observer. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
112. Kaminjolo, Singayazi (12 November 2010). "Queens leave for Liverpool on Sunday". The Nation (Malawi). Retrieved 19 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
113. International Federation of Netball Associations (2009d). "Calling All Netball Fans!". International Federation of Netball Associations. Retrieved 11 April 2009. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
114. "Singapore victorious in 4 Nations Netball Cu". International Federation of Netball Associations. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
115. Peter Thorley (1st September 2007). "Big trip a bonus for Walker". The Northern Advocate. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
116. Netball Papua New Guinea (2008). "2008 Nations Cup". Retrieved 3 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
117. Netball Singapore (2009). "Nations Cup 2009". Retrieved 3 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
118. Netball Singapore (2010a). "NTUC FairPrice Foundation Nations Cup 2010". Retrieved 3 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
119. Smartt, Pam; Chalmers, David (29 January 2009). "Obstructing the goal? Hospitalisation for netball injury in New Zealand 2000–2005". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 122 (1288). {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Text "urlhttp://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1288/3438/" ignored (help)
120. Emily Benammar (13 October 2009). "'Fast' version of netball introduced in an effort to secure Olympic Games inclusion". Telegraph.
121. "Inclusion of Netball in the Olympic Games". Parliament of New South Wales. 21 September 2004. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
122. Jones, Diane (February 2004). "Half the Story? Olympic Women on the ABC News Online" (PDF). Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy (110): 132–146. Retrieved 15 March 2011. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
123. Crocombe 1992, p. 156
124. ^ Shooting for Success (July 2004). "IFNA Recognition Confirmed" (PDF). International Federation of Netball Associations. Retrieved 24 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
125. Australian Sport Commission & Office of the Status of Women 1985, p. 92

Bibliography

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• Crocombe, R G (1992). Pacific neighbours : New Zealand's relations with other Pacific Islands : Aotearoa me Nga Moutere o te Moana Nui a Kiwa. Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury : Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 9820200784. OCLC 28814021. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Dix, Noleen (1984). Australian Netball Skills. Hawthorn, Victoria: Five Mile Press. ISBN 086788066x. OCLC 27589776. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Lal, Brij Vilash; Fortune, Kate (2000). The Pacific islands : an encyclopedia. University of Hawai'i press. ISBN 082482265X. OCLC 468583962. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Massoa, Prisca; Fasting, Kari (December 2002). "Women and sport in Tanzania". In Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (eds.). Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport. Routledge. ISBN 0415246288. OCLC 50204306. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McCrone, Kathleen E. (1988). Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women. London: Routledge. pp. 148–9. ISBN 0-415-00358-X. OCLC 16804385. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McGrath, Alicia C.; Ozanne-Smith, Joan (May 1998). Attacking the Goal of Netball Injury Prevention: A Review of Literature. Report No. 130. Monash University Accident Research Centre. Retrieved 27 February 2011. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McIntosh, Peter C. (1968). Physical Education in England Since 1800. London: Bell. ISBN 071350689X. OCLC 41636. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McKinnon, Rowan (2009). South Pacific . Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741047868. OCLC 610105853. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Murrary, Peter (2008). Netball, The International Sport. Bath, England: Murray Books (Australia). ISBN 9781407529622. OCLC 700886957. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pollard, Jack (1968). AMPOL book of Australian Sporting Records. Sydney: The Pollard Publishing Co. OCLC 71140. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Scully, Deidre; Clarke, Jackie (July 1997). "Gender Issues in Sports Participation". In Kremer, John; Ogle, Saun; Trew, Karen (eds.). Young people's involvement in sport. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16650-8. OCLC 36225511. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Shakespear, Margaret; Caldow (2009). Netball : steps to success. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. ISBN 9780736079846. OCLC 251227987. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help)
• Slade, Dennis (2009). Transforming Play: Teaching Tactics and Game Sense. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. ISBN 0736075186. OCLC 423215335. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Symons, Carol; Hemphill, Dennis (November 2006). "Netball and transgender participation". In Caudwell, Jayne (ed.). Sport, sexualities and queer/theory. Routledge Critical Studies in Sport. London: Routledge. pp. 122–124. ISBN 0415367611. OCLC 66392801. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tagg, Brendon (December 2008). `Imagine, a Man Playing Netball!' : Masculinities and Sport in New Zealand. Vol. 43. pp. 409–430. doi:10.1177/1012690208099875. Retrieved 28 February 2011. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Thompson, Shona M. (December 2002). "Women and sport in New Zealand". In Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (eds.). Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415246288. OCLC 50204306. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Use dmy dates from March 2011
• Netball
• Ball games
• Team sports
• Sports originating in England
• Olympic sports