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 William Hornaday feeding one of his charges in the New York Zoological Park in 1920 | |
| Born | (1854-12-01)December 1, 1854 Avon, Indiana |
| Died | March 6, 1937(1937-03-06) (aged 82) Stamford, Connecticut |
| Resting place | Greenwich, Connecticut |
| Occupation | Zoologist |
| Spouse | Josephine Chamberlain |
| Parent(s) | William Temple Hornaday, Sr. Martha Hornaday (nee Martha Varner) |
William Temple Hornaday, Sc.D. (December 1, 1854 – March 6, 1937) was an American zoologist, realtor, conservationist, author, poet and songwriter. He revolutionized museum exhibits by displaying wildlife in their natural settings, and is credited with discovering the American crocodile, saving the American bison and the Alaskan fur seal from extinction.
Biography
Hornaday was born in Plainfield, Indiana, and educated at Oskaloosa College, the Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) and in Europe.
He spent 1.5 years, 1877-1878 in India and Ceylon collecting specimens. In May 1878 he reached southeast Asia and traveled in Malaya and Sarawak in Borneo. He served as chief taxidermist of the United States National Museum in 1882–1890. He helped found the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. The Musselshell River region of Montana is where the last surviving herds of wild American buffalo lived. Hornaday, working for the Smithsonian Institution, harvested specimens from the region in 1886 so that future generations would know what the buffalo looked like.
He was appointed director of the New York Zoological Park (now the Bronx Zoo) in 1896 and became president of the Permanent Wild Life Protective Association. He co-founded (with Theodore Roosevelt) the American Bison Society in 1905 and served as its president from 1907 to 1910. He was able to exert some influence which led to the passage of legislation which extended protection to wild birds, game, bison, seals, and wild life in general. Hornaday wrote many magazine articles and books.
Scandal at the Zoo
Dr. Hornaday's tenure as director of the zoo met some controversy in September 1906, when Ota Benga, a pygmy native of the Congo, was placed on display in the monkey house. Benga shot targets with a bow and arrow, wove twine, and wrestled with an orangutan. Although, according to the New York Times, "few expressed audible objection to the sight of a human being in a cage with monkeys as companions,” controversy erupted as black clergymen in the city took great offense. “Our race, we think, is depressed enough, without exhibiting one of us with the apes,” said the Reverend James H. Gordon, superintendent of the Howard Colored Orphan Asylum in Brooklyn. “We think we are worthy of being considered human beings, with souls.”
New York Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr. refused to meet with the clergymen, drawing the praise of Dr. Hornaday, who wrote to him, “When the history of the Zoological Park is written, this incident will form its most amusing passage.”
As the controversy continued, Hornaday remained unapologetic, insisting that his only intention was to put on an “ethnological exhibit.” In another letter, he said that he and Madison Grant, the secretary of the New York Zoological Society, who ten years later would publish the racist tract “The Passing of the Great Race,” considered it “imperative that the society should not even seem to be dictated to” by the black clergymen.
Still, Hornaday decided to close the exhibit after just two days, and on Monday, September 8, Benga could be found walking the zoo grounds, often followed by a crowd “howling, jeering and yelling."
Influence on Scouting
Further information: William T. Hornaday AwardsHornaday had a large impact on the Scouting movement and especially the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Not only is there is a series of conservation awards named after him, but his beliefs and writings are a major reason conservation and ecology have long been an important part of the BSA's program. This awards program was created in 1915 by Dr. Hornaday. He named the award the Wildlife Protection Medal. Its purpose was to challenge Americans to work constructively for wildlife conservation and habitat protection. After his death in 1938, the award was renamed in Dr. Hornaday's honor and became a BSA award.
Death
Hornaday died in Stamford, Connecticut and was buried in Greenwich, Connecticut.
Relatives
Travel writer Temple Fielding was the grandson of William Temple Hornaday.
In 1938, the National Park Service named a peak, Mount Hornaday, in the Absaroka Range in Yellowstone National Park for him.
Selected books
- Two Years in the Jungle (1885; seventh edition, 1901)
- Free Run on the Congo (1887)
- The Extermination of the American Bison (1887)
- Taxidermy and Zoölogical Collecting (1891)
- The Man who Became a Savage (1896)
- Guide to the New York Zoölogical Park (1899)
- The American Natural History (1904; revised edition, four volumes, 1914)
- Campfires in the Canadian Rockies (1906)
- Campfires on Desert and Lava (1908)
- Popular official guide to the New York Zoological Park (1909)
- Our Vanishing Wild Life (1913)
- Wild Life Conservation in Theory and Practice (1914)
Notes
- "William Temple Hornaday: Visionary of the National Zoo". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. February 1989. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- "Musselshell -- An Endangered River". Montana River Action. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
- Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. Univ. of Vermont Press. pp. 37–48. ISBN 978-1-58465-715-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|laydate=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysummary=ignored (help) - "The New American Bison Society". American Bison Society. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ "William Temple Hornaday". The University of Iowa Museum of Natural History. 2000. Archived from the original on 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- ^ Keller, Mitch (2006-08-06). "The Scandal at the Zoo". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- Eby, David L. (2007). "Hornaday Facts". U.S. Scouting Service Project. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- "Dr. W. T. Hornaday Dies In Stamford. Noted Naturalist, 82, Was the First Director of the New York Zoological Park. Served There 30 Years. Protector of Wild Life Wrote to President as He Was Dying, Asking His Cooperation Fought to Save Wild Lite His First Expedition City's Wild-Life Family Grew Odds Against Early Crusade". New York Times. March 7, 1937. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
Dr. William T. Hornaday, who retired as the first director of the New York Zoological Park in 1926 after thirty years' service and who since had devoted himself to the protection of wild life, largely through his writings and efforts as head of the Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund, died tonight at his home, the Anchorage, in West North Street, this city.
- Whittlesey, Lee (1988). Yellowstone Place Names. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. p. 105. ISBN 0917298152.
