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Trace amines are endogenous compounds structurally related to classical biogenic amines, such as catecholamines, serotonin and histamine. Trace amines include p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine, and are found in the nervous systems of animals from insects to mammals. Trace amines can also include the endogenous psychedelic tryptamines, such as DMT .

The above-mentioned trace amines are trace amine-associated receptor agonists. In the brain, they have varying affinities for TAAR1, a key G protein-coupled receptor regulating monoaminergic systems. Each ligand has a different potency, measured in cyclic AMP (cAMP) production after the binding event. The currently accepted rank order of trace amine ligand affinity for brain human TAAR1 is as follows: p-tyramine>B-PEA>octopamine>m-tyramine>tryptamine>histamine. The EC50 values for cAMP production caused by p-tyramine and B-PEA binding events are 214 and 324 nM, respectively.

Trace amines overlap substantially with classical biogenic amines neurotransmitters regarding to chemical properties, synthesis, and breakdown; trace amines commonly colocalize in neurons with these neurotransmitters.

Psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia have been linked to irregular levels of trace amines.

See also

• Trace amine-associated receptor

References

1. Barker SA, Monti JA and Christian ST (1981). N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An endogenous hallucinogen. In International Review of Neurobiology, vol 22, pp. 83-110; Academic Press, Inc.
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