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In education in the United States, a superintendent (also known as a chief school administrator in many states) is an individual who has executive oversight and administration rights, usually within an educational entity or organization.
United States
It must be noted that in the United States there are many variations in public school education systems from state to state. Every state constitution has language requiring a state supported system of public education. Education is a "states right." So, while there are many similarities among public school education systems from state to state, there are also differences.
State Level - Many state departments of education in the United States refer to their state-level chief education officer/administrator as "superintendent", however, also common are the titles "commissioner" and "secretary". In most states the state-level education administrator is appointed, but some states select the official by statewide election.
District Level - Depending on the state in which they serve, a public school superintendent might be referred to as "chief education officer", or "chief executive officer". The most common title is "Superintendent of Schools." Generally, public school district superintendents have administrative oversight of the students, public schools, and educational services within the geographic area (school district) identified by state law. School district superintendents are hired by a school board of a local school district. As chief executive officer of the public schools, the superintendent has oversight for what is often (in smaller communities) one of the larger businesses within the community the school district serves.
In many states superintendents of schools are members on the board of education (school board) of their school district, but they usually cannot vote as members of the board. In most states, superintendents of schools are required to hold a "certification" issued by the state in which they work. State certification is typically earned by completing a course of study prescribed by the state, usually 60 graduate hours above the bachelor degree and an internship. While not required by any state, many school boards prefer that their superintendent hold a doctoral degree. Most superintendents are hired by contract with the board of education (or board of trustees). The board of education is the governing (policy making) entity of the school district. The board of education is composed of elected (or appointed) officials from the communities the school district serves.
Current chief state school officers
Further information: State education agencyOther countries
The term 'superintendent' is rarely used for education in the United Kingdom (possibly to avoid confusion with the police rank); in most Local Education Authorities the equivalent title is Chief Education Officer. According to the history of the school (published in 1985), in 1885, when the Church Schools Company took over a school to form Newcastle High School, later Newcastle upon Tyne Church High School, the mistress of the former school was briefly considered for the post of Lady Superintendent, below the headmistress.
See also
- Board of education
- Chancellor
- Dean
- Head teacher
- Principal
- Provost
- School district
- Schoolmaster
- Superintendent of Public Instruction
References
- Office of the State Superintendent of Education for the District of Columbia official website. Retrieved 7/2/08.
- Kentucky Commissioner of Education official website. Retrieved 9/30/10.
External links
- The American Association of School Administrators website
- The State of the American School Superintendency
- The Superintendent in an Age of Accountability - from the Education Resources Information Center.
- Kentucky Commissioner of Education
- SuperintendentOfSchools.com - Providing information and professional support to superintendents of schools and school district officials in New York State